The Founding of Thebes

The Founding of Thebes The founder of Thebes is known as Cadmus or Kadmos. He was a descendant of the union of Io and Zeus in bull shape. Cadmus father was a Phoenician king named Agenor and his mother was named Telephassa or Telephone. Cadmus had two brothers, one named Thasos, and the other Cilix, who became king of Cilicia. They had a sister named Europa, who was also carried off by a bullZeus, again. The Search for Europa Cadmus, Thasos, and their mother went to look for Europa and stopped in Thrace where Cadmus met his future bride Harmonia. Taking Harmonia with them, they then went to the oracle at Delphi for a consultation. The Delphic Oracle told Cadmus to look for a cow with a lunar sign on either side, to follow where the cow went, and to make sacrifices and establish a town where the bull lay down. Cadmus was also to destroy the guard of Ares. Boeotia and Ares' Dragon After finding the cow, Cadmus followed it to Boeotia, a name based on the Greek word for cow. Where it lay down, Cadmus made sacrifices and started to settle. His people needed water, so he sent out scouts, but they failed to return because they had been killed by Ares dragon who guarded the fountain. It was up to Cadmus to slay the dragon, so with divine assistance, Cadmus slew the dragon using a stone, or perhaps a hunting spear. Cadmus Founds Thebes Athena, who helped with the slaying, advised Cadmus that he should plant the teeth of the dragon. Cadmus, with or without Athenas help, sowed the teeth-seeds. From them emerged fully armed warriors of Ares who would have turned on Cadmus had Cadmus not thrown stones at them making it appear that they were attacking one another. Ares men then fought with each other until only 5 worn out warriors survived, who came to be known as Spartoi the sown men who then helped Cadmus found Thebes. Thebes was the name of the settlement. Harmonia was a daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. The conflict between Ares and Cadmus was resolved by the marriage of Cadmus and Ares daughter. The event was attended by all the gods. Offspring of Cadmus and Harmonia Among the children of Harmonia and Cadmus was Semele, who was the mother of Dionysus, and Agave, mother of Pentheus. When Zeus destroyed Semele and inserted the embryonic Dionysus in his thigh, the palace of Harmonia and Cadmus burned. So Cadmus and Harmonia left and traveled to Illyria (which they also founded) first handing over the kingship of Thebes to their son Polydorus, father of Labdacus, father of Laius, father of Oedipus. Founding Legends Athena reserved some of the dragons teeth to give to Jason.Thebes was an Egyptian city, too. One story of the founding of Thebes says that Cadmus gave the Greek city the same name his father had just given to the Egyptian city.Instead of Polydorus, Pentheus is sometimes named as the successor of Cadmus.Cadmus is credited with bringing the alphabet/writing to Greece.The continent of Europe was named for Europa, the sister of Cadmus. This is the background for the first of three sets of stories from Greek mythology about Thebes. The other two are the sets of stories surrounding the House of Laius, especially Oedipus and those around the conception of Dionysus. One of the more enduring figures in the Theban legends is the long-lived, transgendering Tiresias the seer. Source Ovids Narcissus (Met. 3.339-510): Echoes of Oedipus, by Ingo Gildenhard and Andrew Zissos; The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 121, No. 1 (Spring, 2000), pp. 129-147/

Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling Essay Example

Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling Essay Example Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling Essay Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling Essay Ethical motives is by and large defined as a philosophical subject that is concerned with human conduced and moral determination devising ( Van Hoose, 1985 ) . Ethical motives are normative in nature and concentrate on rules and criterions that govern relationship between persons, such as those between counsellors and clients. Morality, nevertheless, involves judgement or rating of action. It is associated with such words as good, bad, right, incorrect ought, and should ( allow, 1992 ) . Counselors have ethical motives, and the theories counsellors employ have embedded within them moral presuppositions about human nature that explicitly and implicitly inquiry foremost What is a individual and second, what should a individual be or go? ( Christopher, 1996 ) For bettering the ethical and legal degree of guidance, foremost, the counsellor needs to understand what the word ethical agencies. Before the first guidance session, the counsellor should recognize how of import about doing good professional determinations that are both moralss and legal while being helpful to his or her clients. Harmonizing to the Webster s New World Dictionary ( 1980 ) , it means 1. holding to make with moralss ; or of conforming to moral criterions, 2. conforming to professional criterions of behavior . Notice that these two definitions are clearly different. This first is a personal phenomenon that is, what is moral is decide most frequently by persons. In contrast, the 2nd encompasses behaviours that are considered ethical by some professional group. In the mental wellness profession, that group could be the American Counseling Association ( ACA ) , or the American Psychological ( APA ) , merely to call a few. The development of codifications of moralss for counsellors The first guidance codification of moralss was developed by the American Counseling Association ( ACA ) ( Then the American Personnel and Guidance Association, or APGA ) based on the original American Psychological Association codification of moralss ( Allen, 1986 ) . The initial ACA codification was initiated by Donald Super and approved in 1961 ( Callis A ; Pope, 1982 ) . It has been revised sporadically since that clip. The ACA besides produces A Practitioner s Guide to Ethical Decision Making, picture conferences on deciding leading-edge ethical quandary ( Salo A ; Hamilton, 1996 ) , and an Ethical Standards Casebook ( Herlihy A ; Corey, 1996 ) . The ACA s latest moralss codification is entailed a Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. This codification is one of the major marks that reding has developed into a mature subject because professions are characterized, among other things, by a claim to specialized cognition and a codification of moralss. In the CAC, moralss criterions are arranged under topical sectional headers. They contain material similar to that found in many other ethical codifications, yet they are alone to the profession of guidance. Following the Guideline for Acting Ethically For bettering the higher degree of the moralss of guidance, the counsellors should follow guideline for moving ethically. Swanson ( 1983 ) lists guidelines for measuring whither counsellors act in ethically responsible ways. The first is personal and professional honest. Counselors need to run openly with themselves and those with whom they work. Hidden agendas or unacknowledged feelings hinder relationship and topographic point counsellors on rickety ethical land. One manner to get the better of personal and professional honest jobs that may acquire in the manner of moving ethically is to have supervising ( Kitchener, 1994 ) . The 2nd guideline is moving in the best involvement of clients. This ideal is easier to discourse than achieve. At times, a counsellor may enforce personal values on client and disregard what they truly want ( Gladding A ; Hool, 1974 ) . At other times, a counsellor may neglect to acknowledge an exigency and excessively readily accept the thought that the client s best involvement is served by making nil. The 3rd guideline is that counsellors act without maliciousness or personal addition. Some clients are hard to wish or cover with, and it is win these persons that counsellors must be particularly careful. However, counsellors must be careful to avoid relationships with sympathetic clients either on a individual or professional footing. Mistakes in judgement are most likely to happen when the counsellor s self-interest becomes a portion of the relationship with a client ( Germaine, 1993 ) . The concluding guideline is whether counsellors can warrant an action as the best judgement of what should be done based upon the current province of the profession ( Swanson, 1983 ) . To do such a determination, counsellors must maintain up with current tendencies by reading the professional literature ; go toing in-service workshops and conventions, and going actively involved in local, province, and national guidance activities. The ACA Ethical Standards Casebook ( Herlihy A ; Corey, 1996 ) contains illustrations in which counsellors are presented with issues and instance surveies of questionable ethical state of affairss and given both guidelines and inquiries to reflect on in make up ones minding what an ethical response would be. Each state of affairs involves a criterion of the ethical codification. Equally helpful as the casebook may be, in many guidance state of affairss the proper behaviour is non obvious ( Gladding, 2001 ) . For illustration, the inquiry of confidentiality in equilibrating the single rights of a individual with AIDS and society s right to be protected from the spread of the disease in one with which some counsellors struggle. Likewise, there are multiple ethical quandary in reding grownup subsisters about what to make in a given state of affairs, it is important for counsellors to concern and talk over state of affairss with co-workers, in add-on to utilizing rules, guidelines, cas ebooks, and professional codifications of moralss. Counselor Competence and Referral The ACA Code of Ethics ( 1995 ) clearly states that Counselors must pattern merely within the boundaries of their competency, based on their instruction, preparation, supervised experience, province and national professional certificates, and appropriate professional experience . The APA Ethical Principles ( 1992 ) makes a similar statement and adds that: Psychologists provide services, Teach, or behavior research in new country or affecting new techniques merely after first set abouting appropriate survey, preparation, supervising, and audience from individual who are competent in those countries or techniques. The ethical criterions are rather clear sing what a counsellor should make if he is non competent to handle a certain client job. His first and best pick is to do an appropriate referral. If there is no 1 to whom he can mention ( which would be an exclusion instead than a common happening ) , so it is incumbent on he to educate himself through reading books and journal articles on the presenting job and to seek supervising of his work with the client. The counsellor has the duty for the public assistance of the client ; hence, it is his professional responsibility to obtain for that client the best services possible be it from him or from a professional co-worker. Clients are non topics for your test and mistake acquisition but merit the best professional attention possible. One of counsellors duties is to acknowledge his or her strengths and failings and to offer services merely in the countries of his or her strengths. Specifying a counsellor s countries of constituent normally involves critical and honest introspection. Naming this subjective constituent an internal position, Robinson and Cross cautiousness counsellors to make everything possible to derive the accomplishments and cognition based to the profession. Counselors need to stretch their accomplishments continually by reading and go toing to new and developing tendencies, through achieving postgraduate instruction, and through go toing seminars and workshops aimed at sharpening and increasing both cognition and accomplishment bases. All counsellors must take full duty for adhering to professional codifications of behavior that address the constructs of proper representation of professional makings, for supplying merely those services for which they have been trained, and for seeking aid with personal issues that are barriers to supplying effectual service. Regardless of the country of the country of service being discussed, counsellors are the first-line justice of their professional competency. Although credentialing organic structures, professional organisations, and province legislative assemblies may put criterions for pattern, the counsellor must be the most critical judge of his or her ability to supply services. This frequently becomes rather a challenge when 1 s life dependants on holding clients who will pay for service. In fact, the ethical is non ever the easy pick. Bettering Ethical motives Decisions Making in Reding The doing moralss determination is the important key for accomplishing a higher degree of the moralss of reding. Ethical motives determination devising is frequently non easy yet is a portion of being a counsellor. It requires virtuousnesss such as character, unity, and moral bravery every bit good as cognition ( Welfel, 1998 ) . Some counsellors operate from personal ethical criterions without respect to the ethical guidelines developed by professional guidance associations. They normally function good until faced with a quandary for which there is no evident good or best solution ( Swanson, 1983 ) . At such times, ethical issues originate and these counsellors experience anxiousness, uncertainty, vacillation, and confusion in finding their behavior. Unfortunately, when they act, their behaviour may turn out to be unethical because it is non grounded in any ethical codification. The research workers found five types of ethical quandary most prevailing among the university counsellors they surveys there: a. confidentiality, b. function struggle, c. counsellor competency, d. struggles with employer or establishment, and e. grade of dangerousness. The situational quandary that involved danger were the least hard to decide and those that dealt with counsellor competency and confidentiality were the most hard. The surprising determination of this survey, nevertheless, was that less than over-third of the respondents indicated that they relied on published professional codifications of moralss in deciding quandary. Alternatively, most used common sense, a scheme that at times may be professionally unethical and at best unwise. It is in such types of state of affairss that need to be cognizant of resources for ethical determination devising, particularly when inquiries arise over controversial behaviours such as puting or roll uping fees or carry oning double relationships ( Gibson A ; Pope, 1993 ) . Ethical logical thinking, the procedure of finding which ethical rules are involved and so prioritising them based on the professional demands and beliefs, is besides important ( Lanning, 1992 ) . In doing ethical determinations, counsellors should take actions based on careful, brooding idea about responses they think are professionally right in peculiar state of affairss ( Tennyson A ; Strom, 1992 ) . Several ethical rules relate to the actives and ethical picks of counsellors: Beneficence ( making good and forestalling injury ) , Non malfeasance ( non bring downing injury ) , Autonomy ( esteeming freedom of pick and self-government ) , Justice ( equity ) , and Fidelity ( fidelity or honouring commandments ) ( Herlihy, 1996 ) . All these rules involve witting determination devising by counsellors throughout the guidance procedure. Of these rules, some experts identify non malfeasance as the primary ethical duty in the field of reding. Non malfeasance non merely involves the remotion of present injury but the bar of future injury and inactive turning away of injury . It is the footing on which counsellors respond to clients who may jeopardize themselves or others and why they respond to co-workers unethical behaviour. Educating Counselors in Ethical Decision Making Ethical can be bettering in many ways, but one of the round is through class offering that are now required in most alumnus guidance plans and available for go oning instruction recognition. Such classs can convey about important attitudinal alterations in pupils and practising professionals, damage, and multiculturalism ( Coll, 1993 ) . Because ethical attitudinal alterations are related to ethical behavioural alterations, classs in moralss on any degree are highly valuable. Van Hoose ( 1979 ) conceptualizes the ethical behaviour of counsellors in footings of a five-stage developmental continuum of logical thinking: Punishment orientation. At this phase the counsellor believes external societal criterions are the footing for judging behaviour. If clients or counsellors violate a social regulation, they should be punished. Institutional orientation. Counselors who operate at this phase believe in and stay by the regulations of the establishments for which they work. They do non oppugn the regulations and establish their determinations on them. Social orientation. Counselors at this phase base determinations on social criterions. If a inquiry arises about whether the demands of society or an person should come foremost, the demands of society are ever given precedence. Individual orientation. The person s demands receive top precedence at this phase. Counselors are cognizant of society demands and are concerned about the jurisprudence, but they focus on what is best for the person. Principle ( scruples ) orientation. In this phase concern for the person is primary. Ethical determinations are based on internalized ethical criterions, non external considerations. As Welfel and Lipsitz ( 1983 ) point out, the work of Van Hoose and Paradise is particularly of import because it is the first conceptual theoretical account in the literature that attempts to explicate how counsellors ground about ethical issues . It is heuristic ( i.e. , research able or unfastened to research ) and can organize the footing gor empirical surveies of publicity of ethical behaviour. Several other theoretical accounts have been proposed for educating counsellors in ethical determination devising. Based on Gumaer and Scott ( 1985 ) , for case, offer a method for developing group workers based on the ethical guidelines of the association for specializers in group work. This method uses instance sketchs and Carkhuff s three-goal, theoretical account of assisting: self-expectation, self-understanding, and action. Kicherner ( 1986 ) proposes an incorporate theoretical account of ends and constituents for an ethics instruction course of study based on research on the psychological procedures underlying moral behaviour and current thought in applied moralss. Her course of study includes counsellors to ethical issues, bettering their abilities to do ethical judgements, encourage responsible ethical actions and digesting the ambiguity of ethical determination devising ( Kitchener, 1986 ) . Her theoretical account and one proposed are process oriented and presume that co unsellors do non larn to do ethical determinations on their ain. Pelsma and Borgers ( 1986 ) peculiarly stress the how every bit opposed to what of moralss that is, how to ground ethically in a invariably altering field. Other practician usher for doing ethical determinations are a seven-step determination doing theoretical accounts based on a synthesis of the professional literature, a nine-step ethical decision-making theoretical accounts follow based on critical-evaluative judgements and seven other theoretical accounts created between 1984 and 1998 ( cottone A ; Claus, 2000 ) . These ethical decision-making theoretical accounts follow expressed stairss or phases and are frequently used for specific countries of reding pattern. However, through empirical comparings and continued duologue, the effectivity of the theoretical accounts may be validated. In add-on to the theoretical accounts already mentioned the ACA Ethics Committee offers a assortment of educational experience. For illustration, members of the commission offer larning institutes at national and regional ACA conferences. In add-on, they publish articles in the ACA newssheet. Finally, to advance guidance patterns, the commission through ACA publishes a type counsellor s usher entitled: What you should cognize about the ethical pattern of professional counsellors, which is on the ACA web site every bit good as printed ( Williams A ; Freeman, 2002 ) . Focus on Clients Rights When clients enter a guidance relationship, they have a right to presume that you are competent. In add-on, they have certain rights, known as client rights, every bit good as duties. These rights have their foundation in the Bill of Rights, peculiarly the first and 4th amendment of the fundamental law of the United States, which are freedom of faith, address, and the imperativeness and right of request and freedom from unreasonable hunts and ictuss, severally. The construct of confidentiality, privileged communicating, and informed consent are based on the 4th amendment, which guarantees privateness. Privacy has been defined as the freedom of persons to take for themselves the clip and the fortunes under which and the extent to which their beliefs, behaviours, and sentiments are to be shared or withheld from others ( Corey et al. , 1988 ) . Bettering Confidentiality and Privileged Communications The construct of privateness is the foundation for the client s legal right to favor communicating and counsellor s duty to keep guidance communications confidentiality is a professional construct. It is so of import that both the APA ( 1992 ) Ethical rules and the ACA ( 1995 ) Code of Ethics each devote an full subdivision to confidentiality. However, a client s communications are non confidential in a tribunal of jurisprudence unless the mental wellness professional is lawfully certified or licensed in the province in which he or she patterns. Most provinces grant the clients of state-certified or accredited mental wellness professionals ( such as psychologists, professional counsellors, and matrimony and household healers ) the right of privileged communications. This means that clients, non counsellors, have control over who has entree to what they have said in therapy and protects them from holding their communications disclosed in a tribunal of jurisprudence. In order for communicating to be privileged, counsellors should follow four conditions. First, the communicating must arise in assurance that it will non be disclosed. Second, confidentiality must be indispensable to the full and satisfactory care of the relationship. Third, in the sentiment of the greater community, the relationship must be one that should be sedulously fostered. Finally, hurt to the relationship by revelation of the communicating must be greater than the benefit gained by the right disposal of judicial proceeding sing the information. If as a counsellor can claim these four conditions, so his clients communications are non merely confidential, but they are besides privileged and, hence, are protected from being disclosed in a tribunal of jurisprudence. One must retrieve, nevertheless, that there is ever a balance between a clients s right to privateness and society s demand to cognize. Despite the importance given to confidentiality and privileged communicating, Catholic Pope, and Keith-Spiegel ( 1987 ) reported that 62 per centum of psychologists in a national study indicated that they had accidentally violated a client s confidentiality and 21 per centum had deliberately violated a client s confidentiality. These dismaying statistics suggest that mental wellness professionals are at hazard for go againsting this nucleus ethical rule. Therefore, all mental wellness professionals need to be cognizant of the professional criterions sing confidentiality, the professional is guilty of transgressing the confidentiality. Secretaries are considered extensions of the certified or licensed mental wellness professionals to which they are accountable. Bettering Informed Consent The ACA ( 1995 ) Code of Ethics is really specific with regard to what should be disclosed to clients in order for them to give informed consent: When guidance is initiated, and throughout the guidance procedure as necessary, counsellors inform clients of the intents, ends, techniques, processs, restrictions, possible hazards and benefits of services to be performed, and other pertinent information. Counselors take stairss to guarantee that clients understand the deductions of diagnosing, the intended usage of trials and studies, fee, and charging agreements. Clients have the right to anticipate confidentiality and be provided with an account of its restrictions, including supervising and intervention squad professionals ; to obtain clear information about the instance records ; to take part in the on-going guidance programs ; and to decline any recommended services and be advised on the effects of such refusal. If a counsellor is asked by a client to unwrap to a 3rd party information revealed in therapy, have the client mark an informed consent signifier before doing any revelation. The counsellor may be surprised to larn that counsellor are non even permitted to react to enquiries about whether they are seeing a individual in therapy even the client s name and position in reding are confidential, unless the client has granted permission for this information to be released. One exclusion is when the client is paying for the services through an insurance company. This automatically grants the insurance company limited entree to information sing the client. The client needs to be made cognizant of the parametric quantities of the information that will be shared with the insurance company prior to get downing therapy. Again, it is apparent how of import it is to hold possible clients subscribe an informed consent signifier before they become clients. Bettering Clients Social welfare All the predating treatment remainders on the permission rests on the premiss that the counsellor s primary duty is to protect the public assistance of the client. The preamble to the APA ( 1992 ) Ethical Principles specifically states that it has as its primary end the public assistance and protection of the persons and groups with whom psychologists work. A similar statement is made by ACA ( 1995 ) Code of Ethical motives: the primary duty of counsellors is to esteem the self-respect and to advance the public assistance and of clients . Dual relationships, counsellors personal demands have already been discussed ; attending now needs to be given to the 3rd concern. An extra set of guidelines comes into drama when a counsellor is making work or working with a twosome or household. In a group scene, particular issues include makings of the group leader, informed consent when more than the group leader will be take parting in therapy, the bounds to confidentiality and to favor communicating when 3rd parties are present in therapy, and understanding how persons will be protected and their growing nurtured in a group state of affairs. Unlike single guidance, clients who want to be involved into a group experience demand to be screened before being accepted into a group. This testing non merely ensures that the client is appropriate for the group but besides protects other group members from a potentially dysfunctional group member. It is apparent that client public assistance, whether in single therapy or in group work, rests forthrightly on the shoulders of the counsellor. The counsellor must be cognizant of the assorted facets of the guidance relationship that can endanger the client s public assistance and take the stairss necessary to relieve the state of affairs. Robinson Kurpius and Gross offer several suggestions for safeguarding the public assistance of each client: Check to be certain that you are working in harmoniousness with any other mental wellness professional besides seeing your client. Develop clear, written descriptions codification of what clients may expert with regard to curative government, proving and studies, recordkeeping, charge, programming, and exigencies. Share your professional codification of moralss with your clients, and prior to get downing therapy discourse the parametric quantities of a curative relationship. Know your ain restrictions, and do non waver to utilize appropriate referral beginnings. Be certain that the attacks and techniques used are appropriate for the client and that you have the necessary expertness for their usage. See all other possibilities before set uping a guidance relationship that could be considered a double relationship. Measure the client s ability to pay and when the payment of the usual fee would make a adversity. Either accept a decreased fee or help the client in happening needful services at an low-cost cost. Objectively evaluate client advancement and the curative relationship to find if it is systematically in the best involvements of the client. Bettering the Ethical motives of Counseling in Some Specific Situations Counselors should look into exhaustively the general political relations and rules of an establishment before accepting employment because employment in a specific puting implies that selves in establishments that misuse their services and do non move in the best involvements of their clients, they must move either to alter the establishment through educational or persuasive agencies or happen other employment. The potency for major ethical crises between a counsellor and his or her employer exists in many school puting. School counsellors are frequently used as tools by school decision makers. When the possibility of struggle exists between a counsellor s trueness to the employer and the client, the counsellor should ever try to happen a declaration that protects the rights of the client ; the ethical duty is to the client foremost and the school lore other puting 2nd ( Huey, 1986 ) . One manner school counsellors can guarantee themselves of an ethically sound plan is to recognize that they may meet multiple quandary in supplying services to pupils, parents, and instructors. Therefore, before interacting with these different groups, school counsellors should go households with the ethical criterions of the American school reding association, which outlines counsellors duties to the groups with whom they work ( Henderson, 2003 ) . One of the most common state of affairss of guidance is about the household and matrimony. The ground is that counsellors are handling a figure of persons together as a system, and it is improbable that all members of the system have the same ends. To get the better of possible jobs, Thomas ( 1994 ) has developed a dynamic, process-oriented model for counsellors to utilize when working with households. This theoretical account discusses six values that affect counsellors, clients, and the guidance procedure: ( a ) duty, ( B ) unity, ( degree Celsius ) committedness, ( vitamin D ) freedom of pick, ( vitamin E ) authorization, and ( degree Fahrenheit ) right heartaches. Then, when a counsellor faces the guidance of household or matrimony, he or she should seek to follow this model. The usage of computing machines and engineering in guidance is another country of possible ethical trouble. The possibilities exist for a breach of client information when computing machines are used to convey information among professional counsellors. Other ethically sensitive countries include client or counsellor abuse and even the cogency of informations offered over computing machine links. In add-on, the job of cyber guidance or web reding that is, reding over the cyberspace in which the counsellor may be 100s of stat mis off is fraught with ethical quandary. Therefore, the national board of certified counsellors has issued ethical guidelines sing such behavior. Other reding scenes or state of affairss with important potency for ethical quandary include reding the aged, multicultural guidance, working in managed attention, diagnosing of clients, and reding research ( Jencius A ; Rotter, 1998 ) . In all of these countries, counsellors face new state of affairss, some of which are non addressed by the ethical criterions of the ACA. For case, in working with older grownups, counsellors must do ethical determinations sing the alone demands of the aging who have cognitive damages, a terminal unwellness, or who have been victims of maltreatment. In order to make so, counsellors may use rule moralss to these state of affairss that are based on a set of duties that focus on happening socially and historically appropriate replies to the inquiry: What shall I make? In other word, Is this action ethical? They may besides use virtuousness moralss, which focus on the character traits of the counsellor and nonmandatory ideals to which professional a spire . Rather than work outing a specific ethical inquiry, virtuousness moralss are focused on the inquiries: Am I making what is best for my client? Counselors are wise to incorporate both signifiers of moralss concluding into their deliberations if they wish to do the best determinations possible. In doing ethical determinations where there are no guidelines, it is besides critical for counsellor to remain abreast of current issues, tendencies, and even statute law related to the state of affairs they face. In the procedure, counsellors must take attention non to pigeonhole or otherwise be insensitive to clients with whom they are working. For case, a primary accent of research moralss is, suitably, on the protection of human topics in research. In the country of research in peculiar, there are four chief ethical issues that must be resolved: a. informed consent, b. coercion and misrepresentation, c. Confidentiality and privateness, and d. describing the consequences. ( Robinson A ; Gross, 1986 ) All of these countries involve people whose lives are in the attention of the research worker. Anticipation of jobs and execution of policies that produce humane and just consequences are indispensable. Bettering the Legal Aspects of Reding Counselors must follow specific legal guidelines in working with certain populations. But counsellors may frequently hold considerable problem in state of affairss in which the jurisprudence is non clear or a struggle exists between the jurisprudence and professional guidance moralss. However, it is of import that suppliers of mental wellness services be to the full informed about what they can or can non make lawfully. Such state of affairss frequently involve the sharing of information among clients, counsellors, and the tribunal system. Sharing may be broken down into confidentiality, privateness, and privileged communicating. Confidentiality is the ethical responsibility to carry through a contract or promise that the information revealed during therapy will be protected from unauthorised revelation. Confidentiality become a legal every bit good as an ethical concern if it is broken, whether intentionality or non. It is yearly one of the most inquired about ethical and legal concerns received by the ACA Ethics Committee including quandary sing right to privateness, clients right to privateness, and counsellors avoiding illegal and indefensible revelations of confidential information ( Williams A ; Freeman, 2002 ) . Privacy is an evolving legal construct that recognizes persons rights to take the clip, fortunes, and extent to which they wish to portion or keep back personal information. Clients who think they have been coerced into uncovering information they would non usually unwrap may seek legal resort against a counsellor. Privileged communicating, a narrower construct, regulates privateness protection and confidentiality by protecting clients from holding their confidential communications disclosed in tribunal without their permission. It is defined as a client s legal right, guaranteed by legislative act, that confidences arising in a curative relationship will be safeguarded ( Arthur A ; Swanson, 1993 ) . Most provinces recognize and protect privileged communicating in counselor-client relationships. As opposed to persons, the legal construct of privileged communicating by and large does non use in group and household guidance ( Anderson, 1996 ) . However, counsellors should see certain ethical concerns in protecting the confidentiality of group and household members. One major trouble with any jurisprudence government client and counsellor communicating is that Torahs vary from province to province. It is indispensable that counsellors know and communicating to their client potency state of affairss in which confidentiality may be broken ( Glosoff, 2000 ) . Therefore, there is a bound to how much confidentiality a counsellor can or should keep. When it appears that a client is unsafe to him or herself or to others, province Torahs specify that this information must be reported to the proper governments. Knapp ( 1982 ) note, nevertheless, that province Torahs vary, and describing such information is frequently hard. They suggest that when client force is at hazard, a counsellor should seek to defuse the danger while besides fulfilling any legal responsibility. They recommend confer withing with professional co-workers who have expertise in working with violent persons and documenting the stairss taken. Drumhead Some unethical state of affairss that typically cause confusion, harmonizing to research by Pope ( 1987 ) , include executing forensic work for a eventuality fee ; accepting goods ( instead than money ) as payment ; gaining a wage that is a per centum of client fees ; avoiding certain clients for fright of being sued ( really common now with grownup subsisters of childhood sexual maltreatment ) ; reding a close comparative or friend of a current client ; directing vacation recognizing cards to your clients ; giving personal advice on the wireless or telecasting ; prosecuting in a sexual phantasy about a client ; restricting intervention notes to name, day of the month, and fee ; ask foring clients to an office unfastened house ; and leting a client to run up a big, unpaid measure. Based on each state of affairs above, a counsellor should hold the thoughts about ethical attack to each of these. But frequently the ethical reply is non crystal clear, and environing fortunes need to be c onsidered. Then, counsellors should seek difficult to better the ethical and legal degree of guidance. Robinson and Gross ( 1989 ) surveyed 500 members of the American Mental Health Counselor s Association and found that those who had non a class in moralss had a peculiarly hard clip urging ethical behaviours in response to a series of instance sketchs. As a consequence, Robinson and Gross strongly recommended increased graduate-level instruction concentrating on professional moralss. Merely cognizing the codifications is non plenty ; counsellors besides need experience using the ethical guidelines to instance scenarios and need to discourse the moral logical thinking behind their determination devising. More and more clients are actioning their counsellors and psychologists for malpractice. For illustration, insurance rates for mental wellness professionals are surging, and insurance companies frequently want to settle out of tribunal instead than bear the costs of contending to turn out their inexperienced person. This may go forth the counsellor in a vulnerable place. His or her best defence is to act every bit ethically as possible while making everything in the power to advance the best involvements for the client. Most counsellors have entered this profession in order to assist others while gaining a life for their egos. Counseling is a baronial profession, particularly it a counsellor gives his best to each of his clients by being cognizant of when he is burned out, stressed, or merely obviously tired and by restricting his contact with clients when his personal jobs could interfere with the quality of his aid. If he keeps the ethical codifications in head at all times ; strive to be as mentally, emotionally, spiritually, and physically healthy as possible ; obtain a thorough alumnus instruction that emphasizes both cognition and pattern ; and seek advanced preparation and supervising when he is in the existent universe , so he should be a benefit to his clients and to his profession.

Immunopharmacolgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Immunopharmacolgy - Essay Example The authors showed also that phosphoramidon significantly potentiates neuropeptide-induced airway microvascular leakage at proximal intrapulmonary airways, but not at any other airway level (ibid, p. 945). There are no available data about the combined action of posphoramidon and histamine and capscaicin. Nevertheless, some authors discuss the mechanisms of interaction between peptidergic and histaminergic stimuli in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma (Crimi et al., 1995; O'Connor et al., 2004; Kirsch et al., 1992; Crimi et al., 1988). For example, the results of Intalian scientists (Crimi et al., 1995) provided evidence of phosphoramidon role in the mediation of Bradykinin-related responses but not in the mediation of histaminergic effects. Contrarily, capsaicin and phosphoramidon have synergistic effects on the bronchial tone (Sagara et al., 1993). To determine whether the epithelium influenced the effect of endogenously released and exogenously released substance P on smooth muscle function there is expediently to conduct two different experiments. The first one will test the action of exogenously released substance P and can be conducted in vivo with the administration of substance P via inhalation. The effects of endogenously released substance P could be tested in the in vitro study with isolated tracheal ring where some of them will be processed by the airway epithelium removal. Th The major effect of epithelium removal on the contractile response to substance P could be related to the loss of neutral endopeptidase and neuropeptide degradation. This hypothesis also is proved by the numerous experimental studies (Toews et al., 1997; Frossard et al., 1989 etc) References 1. Crimi et al. (1988) Effect of nedocromil on bronchospasm induced by inhalation of substance P in asthmatic subjects. Clin Allergy. 18(4) pp. 375-82 2. Crimi et al. (1995) Effect of an inhaled neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, on baseline airway calibre and bronchial responsiveness to bradykinin in asthma. 4Thorax. 50(5):505-10. 3. Gallelli et al. (2003) Role of tachykinins in the bronchoconstriction induced by HCl intraesophageal instillation in the rabbit. Life Sci. 72(10) 1135-1142. 4. Kirsch et al. (1992) Mechanism of platelet activating factor-induced vascular leakage in the rat trachea. Exp Lung Res. 18(4) pp. 447-459. 5. 4Lotvall et al. (1991) Differential effects of phosphoramidon on neurokinin A- and substance P-induced airflow obstruction and airway microvascular leakage in guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol. 104(4):945-9. 6. Marini et al. (1996) Endothelin-1 induces increased fibronectin expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 220(3) 896-899. 7. 4O'Connor et al. (2004) The role of substance P in inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol. 201(2):167-80. 8. 4Sagara et al. (1993) Effect of capsaicin on the migration of eosinophils into the bronchi of guinea pigs Arerugi. 42(3 Pt 1):236-42 9. 4Toews, Ustinova & Schultz (1997) Lysophosphatidic acid enhances contractility of isolated airway smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1997 Oct;83(4):1216-22. 10. 4Zhan, Adner & Cardell (2004) Interleukin-1beta attenuates endothelin B receptor-mediated airway contractions in a murine in vitro model of asthma: roles of endothelin converting enzyme and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Clin Exp Allergy. 34(9) pp.

Journal #3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal #3 - Assignment Example Besides, the slow erosion of families in our society, the acceptance of divorce has rapidly increased, as well as non-marital birth and child bearing. The complexities and dynamics of the society are the driving factors that are accelerating these trends. Furthermore, the society has grown less critical of these issues hence they are steadily creeping in and infiltrating our thoughts in such a way that individuals are beginning to perceived these unfortunate circumstances acceptable. There are numerous factors that result into issues such as divorce, cohabitation, non-marital child birth, and single parenthood. The paper therefore seeks to examine these factors and the perception of the society against them by reviewing historical arguments by Cherlin on greater tolerance for alternative family and parental structure and Wilson’s sociological argument in the contemporary US state. Wilson (2002) book title â€Å"Cohabitation instead of marriage† focuses on the challenges or problems and consequences of cohabitation and functions of marriage in the society and family. Finding solutions to the problems of cohabitation is often a hard nut to crack. The partners usually do not have strong incentive drive to heavily invest the union unlike in marriage which binds couple together since the process of divorce usually lead to some consequences. Wilson (2002) argues that marriage provides restriction to freedom so that the financial and emotional investments in the union of couples make sense. In marriage, the couple makes a commitment to love one another and despite the knowledge of existence of divorce, they tend to stick to the promise. However, cohabiting couples have no commitment to fulfill hence when one is out of love with the other, he or she can opt to walk out of the union. There is less incentive for love in such situations. Most cohabiting couples tend to have separate bank accounts hence the expenses of their lives are

Interventions for Maternal and Child Health in Nepal Essay Example for Free

Interventions for Maternal and Child Health in Nepal Essay Macro- and micro-nutrient malnutrition is a major public health problem and a key factor in determining morbidity and mortality. Its underlying determinants include poverty, education, sanitation, climate, food production, cultural norms, and accessibility and quality of health care. Pregnant women and young children are particularly at risk owing to the extra nutritional demands of rapid growth. Malnutrition is the direct cause of approximately 300,000 deaths per year (Muller Krawinkel, 2005), and a contributing factor in over a third— 3.5 million—of all child deaths annually (Horton, 2008). These deaths are largely preventable. For infants, there is a â€Å"golden interval† for intervention from pregnancy to 2 years, during which improvements in nutritional status can have long-lasting benefits (Horton, 2008). Strong associations exist between maternal and child undernutrition and reduced adult economic productivity and other negative outcomes (Victoria et al., 2008). While Nepal has recently demonstrated progress toward improving general maternal and child health (MCH), there are still opportunities to further improve nutritional status of mothers and children. This paper examines and makes recommendations about interventions that have the potential to improve maternal and child nutritional status in Nepal. The interventions discussed in this paper address the underlying causes of nutrition-related maternal and child mortality and morbidity, as outlined by the UNICEF Conceptual framework for maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity (UNICEF, 2008), and are organized based on the period of intervention, including antenatal care, delivery care, and post-partum and early childhood care. Antenatal care: Within the antenatal period of development, maternal supplementation has been one of the most studied interventions. Evidence is strongest in support of maternal supplementation of multiple micronutrients, calcium, and iron-folic acid. Given the staggering rates of micronutrient deficiencies among pregnant Nepali women and the low cost of supplementation, maternal supplementation of multiple micronutrients, calcium and iron-folic acid is highly recommended. These micronutrients have a range of benefits, including reduction of maternal anemia, maternal mortality, pre-eclampsia, hypertension, puerperal infection, and low birthweight (LBW). This paper also examines the evidence around maternal smoking cessation interventions because of the extraordinary potential for impact of such programs in a population where smoking rates among women are high and knowledge about negative outcomes associated with smoking is low and because maternal smoking cessation appears to have not been a focus of government and other programs in Nepal. However, there is a lack Executive Summary i of solid evidence to suggest that a particular intervention to reduce maternal smoking could be both effective and efficient in developing countries. Delivery care: This paper also examines interventions during delivery that can have an impact on nutritional status. Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) play a crucial role in decreasing nenonatal and maternal mortality during delivery. They also dispense advice regarding antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal care, including nutrition and diet, breastfeeding, and immunizations. One important aspect of training for TBAs, as well as other health professionals, is the promotion of delayed umbilical cord clamping. Due to the high rates of anemia and iron deficiency in children, delayed cord clamping is a critical intervention because it is a cost-effective way to improve hematologic status, increase blood volume, and decrease anemia in infancy. Post-partum and early childhood care: Finally, nutritional interventions in the post-partum and early childhood period can reduce childhood morbidity and mortality and ensure that children are developing in a healthy way. This section of the paper focuses on the promotion of breastfeeding, infant and child vitamin A supplementation and growth monitoring and promotion (GMP). There exists decades of research showing that breastfeeding is a highly effective strategy to reduce all-cause mortality, diarrheal morbidity and mortality, and the risk of gastrointestinal infections and respiratory infections. There is a wealth of empirical data supporting the promotion of breastfeeding in developed and developing countries alike. Vitamin A supplementation for infants and young children has already been successful in Nepal, and it should remain a priority there. Vitamin A supplementation is associated with reductions in night-blindness, Bitot’s spots, xerophthalmia, and severe morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, and when given before certain immunizations, it can enhance the immune response to the immunizations, making them more effective. Also, the use of GMP, measuring and charting the growth of children and using this information to counsel parents to motivate behaviors that promote growth, provides a cost-effective opportunity to identify growth issues before severe malnutrition manifests. For summary information on recommended interventions, refer to the one-page briefs after this Executive Summary. The interventions examined in this paper collectively have an enormous potential for impact in Nepal. At the same time, it is important to consider some of the challenges and feasibility concerns that these interventions may face. These may Executive Summary include: access to and utilization of antenatal care and other health services; the status of the health system infrastructure; financial resource availability, and cultural considerations. Also, while these recommended interventions can be successful in addressing the underlying causes of malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality, long-term solutions for improving maternal and child nutritional status must address the basic causes, such as political, economic and social conditions. While challenges and other considerations exist, the interventions recommended have the potential to make a real and lasting impact in Nepal by reducing the burden of nutrition-related morbidity and mortality. These interventions are cost-effective tools that should be central to any plan to create a bright and healthy future generation in Nepal.

Entrapment :: Personal Narrative Elevators Essays

Entrapment Last year, sixty seven thousand people called the police due to elevator entrapment. About seventy six percent of those people who used those elevators were lethargic. The other twenty four percent had legitimate reasons for using the elevator. Elevators should only be used when you are physically disabled. American’s all over the world try to take the easy way out of any exercise. Elevators have become a major part of everyday life for many Americans. Entrapment occurs when there is too much weight or to many people. Getting trapped in an elevator causes panic to many human beings and bonds them through experience. Have you ever been stuck in an elevator? Does it bother you to be in a small space with sixteen other people? Recently, I was trapped in an elevator with sixteen other people. This elevator was about six feet wide and seven feet long. Imagine how a throng of people could fit into that amount of space. It is amazing to me that an experience so random could pave the way for endless support, and create a network of friends out of strangers. It was my first week of my freshman year in college. Normally, you want to survive the first week by going to school events and meeting new people. Being the first Saturday night of the school year my new friend and I decided to go to a party in another dorm on campus. Both of us didn’t know what to expect at a college party, so we dressed up and tried to look our best. As I put my black mascara on I knew that this would be a fun night. My friend Jessica knew one of the guys that would be at this gathering because he lived in the same town that she was from. Finally, we leave our dorms and head out to our first college party. We arrived at the party and started to play cards. As the night progressed, poker was getting a little boring and staying in that dorm room wasn’t too much fun either. Abruptly, one of the guys said we should go to a freshman dorm. Everyone grabbed their belongings and headed to central campus. As we walked to central campus many of the boys were w hispering about how they were going to cause a ruckus. No one was a resident of this hall, so we had to ask someone who was outside to let us in.

Comparing Stanislavski and Brecht’s Acting Techniques

Comparing Stanislavski and Brecht’s acting techniques Early life Bertolt Brecht was born in Augsburg, Bavaria. On the 10th February 1898 Brecht's home life was comfortably middle class, despite his occasional attempt to claim peasant origins. Thanks to his mother's influence, Brecht knew the Bible, a familiarity that would impact on his writing throughout his life. From her, too, came the â€Å"dangerous image of the self-denying woman† that recurs in his drama. When he was 16, the First World War broke out.Fearing persecution, Brecht left Germany in February 1933, when Hitler later took power. Stanislavski was born in Moscow on the 17th on januray 1863. Stanislavski had a privileged youth, growing up in one of the richest families in Russia, the Alekseyevs. He was born Constantin Sergeyevich Alexeyev – â€Å"Stanislavski† was a stage name that he adopted in 1884 in order to keep his performance activities secret from his parents. As a child, Stanislavski was exposed to the rich cultural life of his family. His interests included the circus, the ballet, and puppetry.Increasingly interested in â€Å"living the part,† Stanislavski experimented with the ability to maintain a characterization in real life, disguising himself as a tramp or drunk and visiting the railway station, or disguising himself as a fortune-telling gypsy. Techniques Brecht remained a lifelong committed Marxist who, in developing the combined theory and practice of his epic theatre-Epic Theatre proposed that a play should not cause the spectator to identify emotionally with the characters or action before him or her, but should instead provoke rational self-reflection and a critical view of the action on the stage.Brecht thought that the experience of emotion left an audience complacent. Instead, he wanted his audiences to adopt a critical perspective in order to recognise social injustice and exploitation and to be moved to go forth from the theatre and effec t change in the world outside. For this purpose, Brecht employed the use of techniques that remind the spectator that the play is a representation of reality and not reality itself. By highlighting the constructed nature of the theatrical event, Brecht hoped to communicate that the audience's reality was equally constructed and, as such, was changeable.The distancing effect is achieved by the way the â€Å"artist never acts as if there were a fourth wall besides the three surrounding him. The audience can no longer have the illusion of being the unseen spectator at an event which is really taking place. † The use of direct audience-address is one way of disrupting stage illusion and generating the distancing effect. In performance, as the performer â€Å"observes himself,† his objective is â€Å"to appear strange and even surprising to the audience. He achieves this by looking strangely at himself and his work.Whether Brecht intended the distancing effect to refer to the audience or to the actor or to both audience and actor is still controversial among teachers and scholars of â€Å"Epic Acting† and Brechtian theatre. By disclosing and making obvious the manipulative contrivances and â€Å"fictive† qualities of the medium, the viewer is alienated from any passive acceptance and enjoyment of the play as mere â€Å"entertainment. † Instead, the viewer is forced into a critical, analytical frame of mind that serves to disabuse him of the notion that what he is watching is necessarily an inviolable, self-contained narrative.This effect of making the familiar strange serves a didactic function insofar as it teaches the viewer not to take the style and content for granted, since the medium itself is highly constructed and contingent upon many cultural and economic conditions Stanislavski's ‘system' is a systematic approach to training actors. Areas of study include concentration, voice, physical skills, emotion memory, obse rvation, and dramatic analysis. Stanislavski's goal was to find a universally applicable approach that could be of service to all actors. Yet he said of his system: â€Å"Create your own method.Don't depend slavishly on mine. Make up something that will work for you! But keep breaking traditions, I beg you. † Many actors routinely identify his system with the American Method, although the latter's exclusively psychological techniques contrast sharply with Stanislavski's multivariant, holistic and psychophysical approach, which explores character and action both from the ‘inside out' and the ‘outside in'. Emotion memory-Stanislavski's ‘system' focused on the development of artistic truth onstage by teaching actors to â€Å"experience the part† during performance.Stanislavski hoped that the ‘system' could be applied to all forms of drama, including melodrama, vaudeville, and opera. He organised a series of theatre studios in which young actors wer e trained in his ‘system. ‘ At the First Studio, actors were instructed to use their own memories in order to express emotion. Stanislavski soon observed that some of the actors using or abusing this technique were given to hysteria. He began to search for more reliable means to access emotion, eventually emphasizing the actor's use of imagination and belief in the given circumstances of the text rather than her/his private and often painful memories.The Method of Physical Actions- In the beginning, Stanislavski proposed that actors study and experience subjective emotions and feelings and manifest them to audiences by physical and vocal means. While in its very earliest stages his ‘system' focused on creating truthful emotions and embodying them, he later worked on the Method of Physical Actions. This was developed at the Opera Dramatic Studio from the early 1930s. Its focus was on physical actions as a means to access truthful emotion, and involved improvisation. The focus remained on reaching the subconscious through the conscious.

Discrimination faced by LGBT Essay

Introduction There have been several anti-gay bills introduced in several states across the country in which some states are against and some are for the bill. We would like to discuss the issues that the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals have faced across the nation by presenting the facts from reliable sources. The issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor force will be brought to our attention. We would like to explain how society has identified this group and the legal issues they face. We plan to deal with the social, economic, religious, and governmental aspect of LGBT rights while living in this country and other countries through out the world. Different states have different ideas about the acceptance and rejection of LGBT. We would like to focus on the issues, laws, identities, challenges, opportunities, solution, and discriminatory actions that LGBT individuals encounter through the labor force as well as in society. Issues, Ch allenges, and Opportunities While the LBGT communities continue to face discrimination in the work place, there have been laws set in motion and even passed giving them the equal rights as other citizens of our country. Some LGBT workers have reported some form of harassment and mistreatment on the job across the years, causing a great impact on our nation’s views. The workplace abuses have posed a real and immediate threat to our economic security. We feel that Congress should quickly pass the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) to ensure that all Americans are judged in the workplace, not according to their identity, but rather according to their skills, qualifications, and quality of work they perform. Too many are judged according to their sexual and gender identity rather than their performances. A lady by the name of Dolores Huerta gave a rousing speech back in 2009, at the National Conferences on LGBT equality, urging a change in the labor, race, and LGBT movement for a better future. Within certain areas, there are now laws in  place which prohibits employment discrimination against public and private workers on the basis of their gender identity and sexual orientation; however, until these laws are taken serious, the LGBT workers in state and local government will continue to face un-equality and discrimination on the job. Without certain laws passed, they will be unable to take legal action to protect themselves and their families. Some of the challenges they face are Social Security survivor’s benefits, paid to the same sex life partner of someone who dies, their medical regulations, social insulations, ageism, and hospital visitation with the right to die in the same nursing home of same sex partners. There are tax laws and other regulations of 401Ks and pensions that also discriminate against same sex partners. Today the LGBT now have opportunities in the labor force that allows them to ‘don’t ask, don’t tell’ (DADT) which is a policy regarding the LGBT serving in the military. They now have the opportunity for equality as other citizens, academic achievements, benefits of same sex marriages under federal law, equal employment benefits, legal permanent residency, and domestic partnership benefits. â€Å"The increased visibility of LGBT people, combined with more assertive demands for equal rights, has generated considerable legal action. For the past decade, federal, state, and municipal legislators debated changes in legislation that would affect LGBT minorities in almost every aspect of their lives, including violence and harassment, employment and housing discrimination, adoption and child care, domestic partner benefits, and the freedom to marry. In some jurisdictions, the legal changes are widespread; in others, however, there has been little or no change† (Harvey & Allard, 2009, p. 211). How Society Views LGBT Society has discriminated against the LGBT community for a long time, but in most present and recent history acceptance of the LGBT community, they have grown; however, there is still almost complete polarization to how accepted the community is. In a study from the University of Chicago, from 1973, based upon the question of whether or not sexual relations between two adults of the same sex is acceptable, 69.7 percent of the people participating stated it to be completely unacceptable and only 10.7 percent stated it to be completely acceptable (Smith 2011). Where as to the same survey that took place in 2010, 43.5 percent stated homosexual acts to be  unacceptable and 40.6 percent stated homosexual relations to be completely acceptable (Smith 2011). Why has there been such a change? Well, the majority of acceptance comes from younger generations being more socially open, as to older generations who have grown into their own opinions already. Another reason is media as stated here â€Å"as society has become more accepting of gay people, the media has presented increasingly positive images of gays and lesbians, succeeding generations are raised with more tolerant attitudes (Gossett & Lewis 2008)† Politics behind Discrimination against the LGBT Community In a political view, being homosexual has been an extremely large subject that has left the LGBT Community at a constant struggle for equal rights. A major issue the LGBT community faces is the denial of the right to marry and receive the benefits of marriage under state recognition. Due to the balancing of powers that our country is built upon, it is each individual states duty to recognize what it viewed as right or wrong in the state’s community. Unfortunately same-sex marriage has been ban within the vast majority of states within the United States. There are currently only 17 states, which have legalized same-sex marriage (17 States). Same-sex marriage has been a major dispute for ethical righteousness since May 18th, 1970. On that very day two men in Minnesota applied for a marriage license only to be denied the right to marry by the state judge. The two men had come to the decision to sue the judge taking the case all the way up to Supreme Court only to be denied the right to marry. This case â€Å"Baker v. Nelson† has been used since then to block efforts for marriage equality (Gay Marriage). Another obstacle to equality is the adoption law. There are many states that require strict qualifications to adopt, and adoption is currently legal within 21 states and D.C. (Parenting Laws). Under national law there are currently anti-discrimination laws within housing, employment, hate crimes, conjugal visits, and military service. Discrimination toward the gay community is still very present, but it is slowly being diminished by the strong efforts of the gay community Interesting fact: Under FDA policy on blood donations, men who have had sex with other men may not donate blood (U.S. Food and Drug). Existing or Proposed Solutions of Differing Groups The Lesbian Gay Bisexual & Transgender Project (LGBT) works for an America free of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) LGBT Project was created to provide a society where LGBT people can enjoy the constitutional rights of privacy, equality, personal autonomy, and freedom of expression and association (aclu.org/lbgt-rights). The ACLU founded the LGBT project in 1986 with a strategy believing that fighting for society we want not only means changing the viewpoint of judges and government officials, but changing the way society looks at the LGBT community (aclu.org/lbgt-rights). In order to stop discrimination, the ACLU looks to change the law and also convince Americans gender identity and sexual orientation discrimination is wrong. There are five areas at which the ACLU carry out this work: Parenting, Youth and Schools, Basic Rights and Liberties, Relationships and Marriage, and Transgender Discrimination (aclu.org/lbgt-rights). Currently the ACLU presents more LGBT cases and advocacy initiatives than any other national organization. With connections to legislatures and courts in all states, the ACLU is the only organization making progress in both the court of law and public opinion. How Other Countries View the Issue Internationally, the issue of gay marriage can be a taboo topic, and often the endorsement and safeguard of homosexual couples’ rights are repudiated by political and customary pressures. Nonetheless, the legalization of gay marriage is gaining momentum as other countries are setting precedents by actively pursuing the rights of homosexual couples that want to marry by changing laws and widening traditional views. Currently, 15 countries have legitimatized gay marriage; two of those with laws that have not yet been sanctioned (Freedom to Marry, 2013). Gay marriage is legitimate, with all marriage rights comprehensive, in the Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, South Africa, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Argentina, France, Denmark, and Brazil. New Zealand and Uruguay have legalized gay marriage, but it has yet to become ordained. In addition to these countries, United States and Mexico have only legalized gay marriage and all marriage privileges inclusive, in certain regi ons with many other regions failing to recognize gay marriage (Freedom to Marry, 2013). Moreover, in some nations where gay  marriage is recognized and legalized, homosexual couples who wish to marry must meet the requirements set forth by the country’s government. Spain and the Netherlands require that at least one partner have legal citizenship of their country or become a resident if they wish to marry there (Moore, 2005). In the ongoing international battle to afford same-sex marriages the same rights as traditional marriages, there are countries that fail to recognize gay marriages as they are not accepted as upright or legal, but do lend some protections of a civil union. Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are just a few countries where rights of a union are recognized, but gay marriage is not. Other Countries Attitudes about homosexuality vary. The LGBT has faced discrimination in many other countries. In the Asia-Pacific, the majority of ASEAN nations and East Asian countries feel that homosexuality should be rejected. In neighboring China (the world’s most populous country) more than half of the population rejects it. In India (the second most populous country), the national Supreme Court recently re-instated a law criminalizing same-sex acts. Also, in 38 of 54 countries on the African continent, being gay is a crime. In developing countries throughout the world, homophobia and intolerance is the norm. Even Poland, once part of the former Soviet bloc and now a EU member state, favors rejection. Not very long ago, a law was passed in Russia banning gay propaganda. The law in effect makes it illegal to equate straight and gay relationships, as well as the distribution of material on gay rights. It also introduces fines for individuals and media groups found guilty of breaking the law, as well as special fines for foreigners. More recently, we witnessed the bashing lesbian, gay bi-sexual and transsexual people during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Many found it very disappointing that Russia was chosen as a host county despite the opposition of Russia’s treatment of its LGBT community. Compromise/Solutions Protecting LGBT people from violence and discrimination does not require the creation of a new set of LGBT-specific rights, nor does it require the establishment of new international human rights standards. The legal  obligations of States to safeguard the human rights of LGBT people are well established in international human rights law on the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequently agreed international human rights treaties. All people, irrespective of sex, sexual orientation or gender identity, are entitled to enjoy the protections provided for by international human rights law, including in respect of rights to life, security of person and privacy, the right to be free from torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, the right to be free from discrimination and the right to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly. As of late, there have been many States that have made a determined effort to strengthen human rights protection for LGBT pe ople. An array of new laws have been adopted, including laws banning discrimination, penalizing homophobic hate crimes, granting recognition of same-sex relationships, and making it easier for transgender individuals to obtain official documents that reflect their preferred gender. Conclusion Over the years, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals in the Unites States have been classified in a negative way. This group of individuals has experienced legal issues and challenges because of society’s opinion on how they should live and the rights that they should have. Unfortunately, LGBT not only faces challenges in the United States, but across the world, as well. Information was presented on legal issues that have occurred. Though it has been difficult, the LGBT supporters have lobbied for equal rights and recognition. The group has made progress throughout the United States, but there are still concerns worldwide. Although there is still much work to be done to give this group the respect they deserve, continuing to educate society on the importance of diversity and equality will be essential in living harmoniously. References: 17 States with Legal Gay Marriage and 33 States with Same-Sex Marriage Bans – Gay Marriage – ProCon.org. (n.d.). ProConorg Headlines. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http://gaymarriage.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=004857 Elder, M. (2013, June 11). Russia passes law banning gay ‘propaganda’. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/russia-law-banning-gay-propaganda Freedom to Marry. (2013). The freedom to marry internationally. Retrieved from http://www.freedomtomarry.org/landscape/entry/c/international Gay Marriage Timeline – Gay Marriage – ProCon.org. (n.d.). ProConorg Headlines. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http://gaymarriage.procon.org/view.timeline.php?timelineID=000030 Gossett, C., & Lewis, G. (2008). Changing Public Opinion on Same Sex Marriage: The Case of California. Academia.edu. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.academia.edu/539760/Changing_Public_Opinion_on_Same_Sex_Marriage_The_Case_of_California Harvey, C. P., & Allard, M. J. (2009). Understanding and Managing Diversity: (4th ed.). Retrieved from Pearson Education, Inc. McDonnell, Justin (2014, February 15). Olympics cast spotlight on Russia’s LGBT discrimination. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/sochi-olympics-cast- spotlight- on-russias-lgbt-discrimination/ Moore, J. (2005) The battle over same-sex marriages. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/gay_marriage/unions.html Parenting Laws: Joint Adoption. (n.d.). Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from http://www.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/parenting_joint-adoption_082013.pdf Smith, T. (2011, September). Public Attitudes Toward Homosexuality. NORC. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.norc.org/PDFs/2011GSSReports/GSS_PublicAttitudesTowardHomosexuality_Sept2011.pdf U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Blood Donations from Men Who Have Sex with Other Men Questions and Answers. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/QuestionsaboutBlood/ucm108186.htm

3S271 CDC Essay Example

3S271 CDC Essay Example 3S271 CDC Paper 3S271 CDC Paper What three parts of the work center mission do you define during the anlaysis phase? Purpose, Products, and Customers What type of tasks must a needs assessment include? Daily routine, infrequent tasks, contingency, special work requirements, and additional duties Dependig on their availability and suitability, what documents may you use for identifying tasks in a specific work center Manning documents, training standards, mission statements, staff assistant visit reports, directives and past production reports What manpower documents identify AFSCs assigned to the work center? Unit Manning Document (UMD) and Unit Personnel Manpower Roster (UPMR) What Air Force manual identifies generic duties for each AFSC? AFMAN 36-2108, Airmen Classification What training documents can you research to identify specific tasks for the work center? Specialty Training Standard (STS), Career Field Education and Training Plan (CFETP), and Air Force Job Qualification Standard (AFJQS) List the two factors needed to qualify as a subject matter expert? Field Expertise and Recent Job Experience List the task you have to complete to prepare for an interview. Research, develop questions, set up the interview, prepare the room When conductig an interview, what is the basic goal of your questions? To gain information from the experts What is the term used to describe a person with in-depth work center knowledge? Subject Matter Expert (SME) When conducting the interview, why do you provide the SME with your phone number? In case the SME remembers other information later What can occur if the respondents are confused after reading the questionnaire instructions? They may discard the questionnaire What are the two types of questions that can be used on a questionnaire? Selection and Supply type When you develop an MTL, what do you list on it? All tasks done in a work center List the three types of training standards that you can use to develop an MTL. CFETP, AFJQS, and AF Form 797 What are the three characteristics of a task? Observable, measurable, must have a definite beginning and end When preparing a local training standard, how do you make sure the task is identified? By giving the task a descriptive title List the four levels you use to resolve a lack of training capability. Work center, unit education and training, base education and training, and MAJCOM career field manager level If a lack of training capability cannot be resolved at the base level, how do you forward this problem to MAJCOM? By using an AF Form 2096, Classification/ On the Job Training Action What training status code must you place a trainee in if you cannot resolve the lack of training capability at the base level? P What is an individuals training folder reviewed to ensure? To make sure applicable training standards are included On whom are initial qualification evaluations normally conducted? Recent formal school graduates and reassigned personnel List the additional training factors. Identifying personnel gains/losses, planning and scheduling training time, determining need for job rotation, and identifying work center training requirements When defining the work center training requirements, what do you have to do? Take the training requirements for each individual and add these task together. The sum total is all the work center training requirements. Where cana UTM look to confirm that a CDC is available for ordering? AFIADLs ;List of AFSCc with CDCs required; What on-line program allows UTMs to check CDC enrollment data at AFIADL? CDSAR Who determines the CDC volume completion sequence? The supervisor At what point in the CDC enrollment should you request an extension for a trainee? When the trainee enters the tenth month of enrollment CDC expirations beyond 90 days require what level of approval? Group Commander What forms the basis for all required unit training? Work Center Tasks Which usually provides the best information for identifyin work center tasks? Several sources Which document identifies personal information in manpower positions? Unit Personnel Manpower Roster (UPMR) Which publication describes the duties and responsibilities of all Air Force specialty codes (AFSC) in the Air Force? AFMAN 36-2108, Airman Classification The specialty training standard (STS) is part of the Career Field Education and Training Plan (CFETP) Which factor concerning subject matter expert (SME) qualification is based on time in the career field and in a particular job? Field Expertise When preparing for a subject matter expert (SME) interview, your first step is to review the Mission Statements The publication that contains information about organizations and their mission is the Air Force Mission Directives (AFMD) When researching for a subject matter expert (SME)interview, the tasks that are the easiest to identify are the normal day-to-day requirements What directive list mandatory requirements for a specific career field? AFMAN 36-2108, Airman Classification In researching for a subject matter expert (SME) interview, which form identifies the duties required for civilian personnel? AF Form 1378, Civilian Personnel Position Description Questions developed for a subject matter expert (SME) interview should be specific and pertain to the subject When asking questions during a subject matter expert (SME) interview, speak distinctly and clearly When used on a questionnaire, a closed-ended question limits the choice of possible responses Replies to what type of question on a research questionnaire can provide additional information beyond the scope of your question? Open-ended When developing a master task listing (MTL), keep it as simple as possible Which training document can be part of a master task listing (MTL) and shows tasks that are applicable to an entire career field? Career Field Education and Training Plan (CFETP) Which training standard is prepared by the Air Force career field managers (AFCFM) and describes a particular duty position? Air Force Job Qualification Standard (AFJQS) In reviewing tasks for a training standard, when the results of an action on a persons part can be seen, the task is said to be observable The task title is comprised of a verb and an object When a question of training capability arises, what base-level tool is available to determine if there are any local personnel who have retrained out of the Air Force specialty code (AFSC) in question? Military Personnel data system (MilPDS) What training status code (TSC) is used when a training capability problem prevents a trainee from progressing in training? P Who can authorize automation of a specialty training standard (STS)? Air Force career field manager (AFCFM) When conducting an initial evaluation on reassigned personnel, match the individuals qualifications to the work center requirements Training needs of an individual are called individual training requirements What do task objectives help you do? meet each training program objective List the three basic parts of a task objective. Condition, Performance/Behavior, and Standard What are the two basic ways of measuring a persons knowledge of a subject? Written and oral tests List the selection-type questions that you can use on a written test. Multiple choice, matching, and true false What should the questions used for an oral test require the student to do? Explain why he or she is performing certain functions What are you looking for when you review the test and questions? To see if questions are valid, reliable, comprehensive, objective, and discriminatory in nature. On what is a performance test based? Directly on what the individual is required to perform What are the three basic parts of a performance test? Objective, references/materials and Instructions What are the four common rating errors on which you need to train evaluators? Standard, Logic, Central Tendency, and Halo Long-term objectives are most often comprised of two or more short-term goals called task objectives What element of an objective tells the trainee the level of perfomance that must be met? Standard What are two-types of test items? Selection or supply type Which type of test questions can you use the same way as you do a multiple choice type? Matching When a test measures what it is suppose to measure, then the test is Valid If a test shows who knows and does not know the material, then the test is differentiating The references or materials used by a trainee during the performance test are those used by the trainee while learning the objective When developing a checklist for a performance test, include those items required for complete performance Which common rating error occurs when an evaluator sets how well the task is done according to his or her own ability to perform the task, which results in a high passing point? Standard List the three ways to prioritize tasks. Job Performance, Psychological, and Logical When can actual task performance begin once you set up a trainees training program? After the trainee acquires the task performance knowledge List the methods you can use to present information to the trainee or trainees? Lecture, coach/pupil, demonstration/performance, computer assisted, and qualification training packages List the four phases of the D/P method. Explanation, Demonstration, Performance, and Evaluation What is one of the complaints about computer-assisted instruction? That most computer-assisted lessons are nothing but page turners, and you can gett the same information from an AFI. Who normally develops a QTP? AFCFM What are the resources you would use when doing research for completing a task breakdown? Yourself, books and other experts. What must you identify when developing and documenting a task breakdown? Subtasks, procedural skills, and supporting knowledge Once you feel you have finished the task breakdown, what secific things do you look for when you review it to make sure it isa good product? Completeness, accuracy, and required equipment List the three major parts of a lesson plan Introduction, development or body and conclusion List the four basic parts of the introduction Attention, motivation, overview and transition On what document is the body of your lesson plan based? Your task breakdown List the three parts of a conclusion Summary, Remotivation, and Closure There are many types of teaching aids available; what should you consider before you select the ones that you will use? Those that are easiest to use, most inexpensive to develop and maintain, but that add realism to the learning process List at least six types of teaching aids. Any six of the following: equipment, printed matter, chalkboards, whiteboards, flat pictures, mockups, trainers, simulators, transparencies, television, and computers List the three steps you use to schedule training Prepare tentative schedule, coordinate, and assign trainees to a training session roster What is the first thing you do when coordinating the training schedule? Determine how many sessions are offered and the times that they are held What do you provide to each affected supervisor after you schedule trainees for training? A copy of the training roster or a training notification letter

Private School Application Deadlines

Private School Application Deadlines Attending private school requires a formal application, a process that can actually take months to complete. Heres an application process timeline that takes you through all the components of applying to private school. Its important to remember that this is a guideline, and you always need to work directly with the schools youre applying to in order to make sure that your application is complete and submitted on time.   July/August The summer is a great time to start researching private schools and deciding where you want to apply. If youre uncertain about the type of school you want to attend, start by considering day schools or boarding schools. Consider whether you want to stay close to home. Knowing the answer will set you off on a great start for applying. If youre focusing on day schools, you are going to have a more limited selection of schools to apply to than if youre launching a nation-wide (or even global) search for a boarding school. Using a handy Private School Spreadsheet, like this one, can help you organize your search.   September This is a great time to begin inquiring at the schools youre interested in. Submitting an inquiry, most often done online, is a great way to get additional information on schools and start talking to an admission officer. Dont worry- inquiring doesnt mean you have to apply. This is your chance to learn more and decide if the schools on your list are the right fit for you.   This is also a good time to start thinking about the standardized tests that  may be required for applying to private schools, such as the SSAT. You need to book your testing date in advance of the admission deadlines, so it is a great idea to book it now so you dont forget, even if you arent going to take it for another month or two. If possible, schedule the test for October or November rather than waiting until closer to the application deadlines. That way, if you dont do as well as you had hoped when you take the test the first time, booking it early means you have enough time to take it again before the winter deadlines.   October This month is typically when schools start offering Open House events, which can give you a chance to visit the school, sit in on classes, and more. Open  Houses give a glimpse into daily life at the school. If you cant make an Open House, book a private visit to the school during which youll likely receive a campus tour, often led by a student, and meet with an admission officer to conduct your admissions interview. Before you go to your campus tour and interview, be sure to prepare and think about the first impression youre going to make on the school. Its important to be prepared to answer questions and ask them during your interview.   If you didnt already book the SSAT, be sure to do so now before you forget.   As youre talking to the schools youre considering, ask if they offer rolling admission or have strict application deadlines, and see if they accept the standard application. Not all schools accept these general applications, so its important to know in advance if youre going to need to complete multiple forms to apply.   November November is a great month to really start working on your official application. Theres a questionnaire for students to complete, an essay you need to write, a portion for parents to fill out, transcript requests, and teacher recommendations. Be sure to ask your school and your teachers in advance for their portions of the application and give them plenty of time to complete them.   The student application and admission essay are both a great opportunity for you to showcase your writing skills and to show why youre a great candidate for the school. Make sure you take your time and work hard on these portions.   Parents also need to spend time on their sections, and be sure to include detail in their answers.   December This is the time of year that private schools start getting really busy with applications, so getting yours in early can ease some of your worry as deadlines start looming. As you start wrapping up the year, its also time to think about whether you will be applying for  financial aid. Some schools even have application deadlines in December, so make sure youre clear on what the schools require and when. This is typically your last chance to book an appointment for a visit and interview before the deadlines. Be sure to do so before the winter break. January/February Most private schools, especially independent schools (whats the difference? find out), have application deadlines in either January or February. That means all components of your application, including any financial aid applications, need to be complete. Financial aid is limited, and applicants in the first round of admission decisions are more likely to receive funding than those families who wait to apply. Even if youre not sure if you qualify, you can still complete the application. Make sure to follow up with the school, either by phone call or by logging into your online admission portal, to check that all components of your application are complete, including any fees that need to be paid.   March This is the month when first-round applicants who made the January or February deadlines can expect to receive their admission decisions. A common date for notifications from independent schools in March 10, and students can often log into an online portal to receive a decision instantly rather than having to wait for something to come in the mail. Typically students will be accepted, denied admission, or waitlisted when they hear back. If you dont hear back, follow up with the school quickly to see if there was an issue with your application or if something got lost in the mail.    April Private schools typically allow families a month to consider their options - many students apply to several schools, and if they are lucky enough to be accepted at more than one school, they may need to compare schools and decide where to enroll. April 10 is a fairly standard deadline for independent schools to require families to enroll or decline offers of admission, but be sure to check with your admission office to find out for certain. If you are accepted to a school and are trying to make your decision on where to go, you may discover that schools are inviting you to an event known as Revisit Day or Welcome Day. This is another chance to return to the school and get an idea of what life is like there to help you make your decision on whether or not you can see yourself that the school.   Students who received waitlisted notifications in March may start hearing back from schools as early as April as to whether or not any spaces have opened up as a result of other candidates deciding to decline offers of admission in favor of another school. Note that all students who were waitlisted will hear back in April; some waitlists can extend into the summer even. Whether you are accepted or waitlisted, as soon as you decide to enroll at one school, its crucial that you notify the others of your decision not to attend. May By now, hopefully, you have chosen your school and completed your enrollment agreement. Congratulations! Revisit Days can also take place in May, so dont worry if there wasnt one in April. Depending on the school, May can be a quiet month for newly enrolled students, as its the end of the year for current students. With graduation ceremonies, award events, and end of year festivities, schools can be rather busy. However, some schools will start sending you information about the coming year and the forms youll need to complete over the summer.   June/July Over the summer, you typically will receive a number of forms to complete, including health forms, class selections, dorm surveys (if youre going to a boarding school), and more. Make sure to pay attention to the dates and deadlines, as some forms are required by law in order for you to start school in the fall. Showing up without them can be a major problem. Dont wait until the last minute. Youll likely also have summer reading and potentially worksheets and other assignments to complete for classes. There may also be a list of supplies you need, including technology and books, so make sure to get your back to school shopping done early. If youre heading to boarding school, its important to not only pay attention to what you need to bring, but also what you shouldnt bring to boarding school.   August Its time to finish up your summer assignments and back to school shopping, because many private schools start pre-season practices for students playing varsity sports in August, and some schools event start classes in August.