Wal Mart s Supply Chain Management Essay - 1510 Words

WAL-MART’S SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES Praseeda Sasanka Pisipati NUID :94862513 Table of Contents: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 A Brief History of Supply Chain Management (SCM)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 How Supply chain management influenced the retail business †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Gartner hype cycle and scope of SCM trends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Supply Chain Management in the Gartner hype cycle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 Moore’s Technology Adaptation life cycle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Target Audience †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Latest trends in supply chain management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Adaptation to new technologies in SCM and facing the current challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Introduction The impact of globalization is increasing every day and companies are becoming more associated both in and out with other organizations. The turnaround time in any business for any event should be as minimum as possible. Enterprise systems add value to the organization by increasing both the operational efficiency and the throughput of the company. Today, supply chain management (SCM) is eventually becoming a core competency wherein the enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is supposedly an integral part of supply chain management (SCM). Walmart is the world s largest company by revenue, according to the Fortune Global 500 list inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Amazon And Wal Mart1614 Words   |  7 Pagesthe same strategies. This is evident with both Amazon and Wal-Mart, both are direct competitors but each focuses on a different market channels and provide different customer value proposition. A business strategy characterizes a company’s unique position in the market and d istinguishes the firm ’s value proposition from that of its competitors. Qupte Simci levi Such a unique market position drives and depends on operations and supply chain strategies. Unfortunately due to the effiency curve, no companyRead MoreGlobal Supply Chain1083 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The supply chain is a concept resulting from multiple independent entities that affect each other. This paper will discuss about Wal-Mart supply chain it will provide the six component, problems and approaches to solve the problems. Wal-Mart is one of the major retail in the world (Walmart 2011). Wal-Mart is continuously developing its business by developing its services and product portfolio. The supply chain of Wal-Mart is also effective to enhance its effectiveness within the industryRead MoreErp Management System Is The Mode Of The Modern Enterprise Management1503 Words   |  7 Pages ERP management system is the mode of the modern enterprise management. It is a company-wide application, highly integrated system, covering the customer, project management, inventory and purchasing supplies production, by optimizing the enterprise resources to maximize resource efficiency. ERP management software is a management accounting as the core of the information system, identifying and planning the enterprise resources, thereby obtaining a customer order, complete the processing and deliveryRead MoreWalmart Case Study1201 Words   |  5 PagesWal-Mart s Supply Chain Management Practices Abstract: The case examines the supply chain management practices at Wal-Mart, the leading retailer in the world. The case explains in detail how Wal-Mart managed various components of the supply chain including procurement, distribution, logistics and inventory management. It covers how the use of innovative IT tools has helped the company in improving the efficiency of supply chain. The case concludes with a discussion on the benefits reaped by Wal-MartRead MoreSupplychain Management at Walmart1520 Words   |  7 PagesSummary SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AT WAL-MART Wal-Mart was the world s largest retailer, with US$312.4 billion sales from operations spanning 15 countries in 2006. In the most recent quarters the company had been unable to meet its self-imposed target of holding inventory growth to half the level of sales growth. Wal-Mart s new executive vice-president of logistics, Johnnie C. Dobbs, wondered what he could do to ensure that Wal-Mart s supply chain remained a key competitive advantage for his firmRead MoreWal Mart For My Hospitality Analysis1496 Words   |  6 Pageschosen Wal-Mart for my hospitality analysis. Wal-Mart was founded in 1945, with it s headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas. Wal-Mart is known for their variety and discounts in the industry. Along with operating worldwide as of January 31, 2006, they also have 1980 superstores, 567 Sam s Clubs, and 1209 discount stores. They have also extended their operations into the international countries. There are two forms that they run their retail: Wal-Mart Stores, and S am s Club. The Wal-Mart storesRead MoreWal Mart s Distribution And Logistics System Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pages1. Wal-Mart has been able to achieve respectable leadership in the retail industry because of its focus on supply chain management. Discuss in detail the distribution and logistics system adopted by Wal-Mart. A few reasons as to why Wal-Mart became a leader in the retail industry is due to their practices in obtaining competitive advantage by offering the lowest prices for the market. Wal-Mart built their practices by giving suppliers transparency to meet the demand of customers and granting themRead MoreCompetitive Advantage Vs. Competitive Strategy1514 Words   |  7 Pagesit creates and apprehends value for its stakeholders (Brea-Solà ­s, Casadesus-Masanell and Grifell-Tatjà ©,2014). Figure 3 (Source: Brea-Solà ­s, Humberto, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, and Emili Grifell-Tatjà ©. Business Model Evaluation: Quantifying Walmart s Sources Of Advantage. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 9.1 (2014): 12-33) Michael Porter (1985) defines that there are eight distinctive categories for generic discount retail business model: 1. Pricing. Retailers decide the prices of their merchandiseRead MoreCase Analysis: Supply Chain Management at Wal-Mart1394 Words   |  6 PagesCASE ANALYSIS: SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AT WAL-MART INTRODUCTION Wal-mart Stores Inc was the world’s largest retailer and was started by Sam Walton in 1962 who named it as â€Å"Wal-Mart Discount City†. However before Wal-mart; Sam Walton owned a number of Ben Franklin Store Chains. Due to this prior experience of owning smaller variety stores and dealing with its franchised supply chain, he learnt various business concepts and also was able to selectively purchase merchandise in bulk from new suppliersRead MoreSwot Analysis of Wal-Mart and Carrefour952 Words   |  4 PagesSusan Donoho Argosy University SWOT Analysis of Wal-mart and Carrefour SWOT Analysis for Wal-Mart and Carrefour What is a hypermarket? According to Business Dictionary that is an online business definition resource, it is a â€Å"vast self-service warehouse-cum-retail outlet that combines the features of a supermarket, department store, discount store, and specialty store in one location.† A hypermarket may also be called a hyper-mart (Business Dictionary, 2012). The multinational retailers that

Everything Flows By Vasily Grossman - 1255 Words

Throughout his novel Everything Flows, Vasily Grossman provides numerous occasions for defining freedom. In the midst of attempting to give meaning to freedom, Grossman greatly invests in wrestling with the issue of why freedom is still absent within Russia although the country has seen success in many different ways. Through the idea and image of the Revolution stems Capitalism, Leninism, and Stalinism. Grossman contends that freedom is an inexorable occurrence and that â€Å"to live means to be free†, that it is simply the nature of human kind to be free (200-204). The lack of freedom expresses a lack of humanity in Russia, and though freedom never dies, if freedom does not exist in the first place, then it has no chance to be kept alive. Through Grossman’s employment of the Revolution and the ideas that stem from it, he illustrates why freedom is still absent from Russian society, but more importantly why the emergence of freedom is inevitable. The confusion at the lack of freedom in Russia despite the success the country has experienced through newly built cities, construction sites, and military victories, is exemplified by Grossman early in the novel through the use of Ivan Grigoryevich, a Russian citizen recently released from the Gulag (49). As daunting as that is, it is understandable why it is so. Freedom gives those who have it the opportunity to choose as they wish, do as they wish, think as they wish, and say as they wish, but to Grossman, that is notShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Vladimir Lenin And The Rise Of Joseph Stalin1331 Words   |  6 Pagesthey experienced rampant disease, physical and emotional abuse, and often execution. Vasily Grossman endeavors to discern who is to blame for these injustices through his novel â€Å"Everything Flows†. Grossman’s main character, Ivan, has just been released from almost a thirty year imprisonment following the death of Stalin. Through Ivan’s recoll ections of camp life and assimilation into Post-Stalinist Russia, Grossman reveals the forces he believes are at fault. However, his understanding of this guiltRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesStates, and finally analyze the relationship between wisdom, humor, and faith. Wisdom, Perspective, and Values Although definitions of wisdom often include an ability to make good judgments regarding life and conduct, these good judgments themselves flow from good perspectives and values. Wisdom scholar Copthorne Macdonald has noted that wisdom involves certain mental states and ways of perceiving, such as: seeing things clearly; seeing things as they are deeply understanding the human/cosmic situation

Mobile Security

Question: Write an essay on Mobile Security. Answer: 1.0 Introduction The contemporary mobile technology has offered services and features, no less lucrative than those the personal computers have. With an extensive connectivity convenience, facilitated by GPRS, HSPA, UMTS, GSM, and others, the smart mobile devices are mediums of mass access and hence, a potential target of the intruders or attackers. Initially, the nearly homogeneous Operating Systems offered the attackers single points of vulnerability to cause critical security breaches in a huge number of devices. Contrary to this, the diversity in the OS for the modern mobile phones currently has led to the development of a variety of intrusive operations. As a result, the increasing networking of the mobile phones will also witness the parallel increase in the range of malware or intrusions. The essay consists of the critical evaluation of the two research journals namely Usability and Security of Text Passwords on Mobile Devices, conducted by Melicher et al. (2016) and Mobile Security Requires a New Approach, conducted by Leavitt (2013). The evaluation parameter includes the significance of the topics on which the research is conducted and their significance on the topic of Mobile Security. The other evaluations judge the clarifications of the research topics, apart from analyzing the correlation of the mentioned heads, detecting the noticeable biases and flaws in the analyzed researched methodologies and the ethical analysis of both the reports. Nevertheless, both the journals address the basic focus of the mobile security research domain, specializing two different sectors namely the security threats and management evaluation in the case of mobile passwords and the security concerns relating to the BYOD trend, in most of the organizations and the security of the corpo rate sensitive information. 2.0 Mobile Security 2.1 Research Question and its Significance The fundamental problem, that the research namely Usability and Security of Text Passwords on Mobile Devices, conducted by Melicher et al. (2016) addresses is the extent of utility of the text passwords, the users apply to ensure the security of their mobile devices and hence, the study highlights the level of security, which the text passwords offer. The significance of the addressed problem can be justified by taking into account the need to protect the information and the sensitive data that are involved in the mobile networking operations. The data may have the users contact details and his transactional data that is always prone to be attacked by the malicious intruders, who can perform disruptions and embezzlements during net banking or such transaction processes. The research clearly covers the advantages and the effects of the text passwords on the mobile security. The main question that the research named as Todays Mobile Security Requires a New Approach, conducted by Leavitt (2013), addresses is the need for the protection concerns required in the modern trend of the BYOD process or the Bring Your Own Device trend that enables the employees to bring their respective mobile devices such as tablets to their workplace. The topic chosen is highly significant because the organizations may afford to allow technological advancements but not at the cost of the security of the corporate information and organization-specific data. The respective devices of the employees gain access to the network through Wi-Fi or other connectivity and involve the use of mainly the Internet. These processes highlight the vulnerability to the leakage of credential data, besides malware, phishing, and other intrusive actions. 2.2 Research Coverage on Existing Literature The prime topics that are discussed in the report Usability and Security of Text Passwords on Mobile Devices, conducted by Melicher et al. (2016), are the introduction to the research specification that highlight a brief theory on the context of text passwords as an implementation of security in the mobile devices. The research also includes the relevant work and efforts to evaluate the password creation and its policies before analyzing the methods that the users follow to apply the passwords on the devices, and the presence of alternative approaches such as face-detection and fingerprint based graphic patterns. The latter study reveals the crowd sourcing methods followed and the acquired results of the tests, including the comparison of the former and recommended password policies. Nevertheless, the tail of the study includes the effect of the entry of excess text for the passwords before concluding with relevant recommendations. On the other hand, the introduction to the research named as Todays Mobile Security Requires a New Approach, conducted by Leavitt (2013) involves the context of the modern trend of bringing the respective smart mobile devices to the workplace of the employees. The issues address the requirement of the safety of the organizational data and sensitive corporate information from the malicious attacks causing disorder and denial of service at the organizations, by applying passwords, firewall guards, intrusion detection methods and its preventions. The security issues included in the journal carry information regarding the statistical data of the extent of use of BYOD, the vulnerabilities offered by this trend, the potential attacks, and threats, the evolution of the protection policies, the management of the cloud and the devices, including the precious recommendations of the security vendor organizations. The research ends on a relevant research on the modern methods of BYOD threat coun ter and the essential risk management of the multi-layered BYOD processing environment. 2.3 Research Methodology The methodology utilized by the journal Usability and Security of Text Passwords on Mobile Devices, conducted by Melicher et al. (2016) consists of online research, the backbone of which is crowd sourcing, and the service is provided by the Mechanical Turk service of Amazon. The test comprises two sections. The first part involved the creation of passwords under diverse policies and string entry patterns, and the second part studied the ability of the re-entry of the same password. The methodology had conditions namely the policy, the characteristics of he entered text and the device used. The parameter of the usability had the span of creation, attempts to retrieve the password, and other operations in failed or successful attempts. As discussed by Melicher et al. (2016), the test analyzed attacking methods such as Context-free Grammar guessing through probability and oclHashing distortion. The statistical tests included regression and algorithm to obtain and verify the results. Figure 1: Guess ability of passwords under PCFG attacks (Source: Melicher et al. 2016) Figure 2: Guess ability of passwords under Hashing attacks (Source: Melicher et al. 2016) In the case of the journal, named Todays Mobile Security Requires a New Approach, conducted by Leavitt (2013), the research initially has performed a statistical analysis of the extent of utility and real-time use of the BYOD service, by comparing the analysis based on a selected sample of countries with emerging economic conditions and developed economical strengths. The results revealed are showed below. Figure 3: Extent of use of BYOD in the emerging and developed economy countries (Source: Leavitt 2013) The other methods in the approach of the research, conducted by Leavitt (2013), are the collection of reports and other relevant statistical data along with case studies conducted by the security software vendors. An instance is research of Check Point Software Technology based on the reports of a large number of Information Technology professionals, as for instance a security leakage case causing major network compromises and huge financial losses. It also includes the recommendations for the process of mobile security in the BYOD security domain including the encryption of corporate data, as stated by Matt Bancroft of Helix security service vendor. The potential feature of the journal is the inclusion of the recommendations and other case studies for each of the mentioned areas such as the data security measures and approach, the security concerns for the cloud storage, etc. 2.4 The Correlation of the Research Framework and the Point of Study The primary purpose of the journal, Usability and Security of Text Passwords on Mobile Devices, conducted by Melicher et al. (2016) is the understanding and the evaluation of the utility, usability features and the extent of security that the text or other graphical passwords in a mobile device offers. The research is performed through online tests at first, and then relying on or conducting statistical analysis to find the best fitting results and to determine concepts of password breaching attacks and guessing attacks. The philosophical framework of the research justifies the point of research very well. The methodologies followed by the researchers adhere to the fundamental focus on the mobile security. To perform mass sampling and that too for the analysis of password entry policies and patterns, one of the most suitable solutions is the crowd sourcing method. On the other hand, the theoretical framework of the journal namely Todays Mobile Security Requires a New Approach, conducted by Leavitt (2013) consists of defining the key concepts of a brief context of the mobile security subarea of the protection of corporate data requirements in the case of BYOD, the discussion on the security issues, the points of threats and vulnerabilities, the overall management of the security maintenance for the BYOD in the organizations and the concluding note on the recommended policies. The discussion on the mentioned points is well fulfilled with the support of discussions from other sources and the case studies and recommendations from other IT professionals. Thus, there is the justified agreement between the theoretical framework and the research question of mobile security in the case of BYOD. 2.5 The Flaws in the Journals The critical evaluation of the journal namely Usability and Security of Text Passwords on Mobile Devices, published by Melicher et al. (2016), reveals that the report has succumbed to an important flaw. Though the report carries queues to and topics about passwords attacks, it has failed to provide a detailed discussion of the consequences, which the users may face due to the attacks causing their passwords to get hacked. The report has mentioned about the serviced of the Mechanical Turk on Amazon for providing the crowd sourcing facilities, but the utilization of the mentioned service without the measurement of the other available services a matter of bias, due to Amazons reputation as its parameter of data quality. Moreover, the study conducted is only confines to the samples in the USA, whereas the research should have included participants from other countries keeping in mind the web-based approach of the study. However, after the evaluation of the journal named Todays Mobile Security Requires a New Approach, conducted by Leavitt (2013), it has been observed that the research has mentioned various opinions and recommendations from the IT officials but does not provide a detailed support and scope to these recommended operations. This flaw has always been countered in good researches. Though the research has mentioned a column namely the new data security approaches, it has not highlighted on some of the major BYOD security management methods such as network segregation and options to blacklist and white list data. Apart from this, the research does not include a column mentioning the acknowledgments and the references to the case studies and the recommendations. This is a major flaw of an incomplete research report. 2.6 Ethical Analysis of the Research The analysis of the research named Usability and Security of Text Passwords on Mobile Devices, conducted by Melicher et al. (2016) reveals the fact that the research has abided by the fundamental principles of ethics in research those are Minimizing Harm, Respecting the Autonomy, Protecting privacy, Offering the required reciprocity and treating the people equally. This research has a harmless topic of mobile security and the password domain, which is a topic of user awareness. The research has provided the degree of freedom for the users to make the decisions autonomously keeping in mind the security criteria in the passwords. The data is well justified in the context of privacy, and the reciprocity is maintained by mentioning the sources of the study results in the references columns. Thus, the study may be concluded as ethical. On the contrary, the critical evaluation of the journal namely Todays Mobile Security Requires a New Approach, conducted by Leavitt (2013) reveals the fact that the study is ethical, except in the case of the non-inclusion of the acknowledgment or reference column. Though the research includes the recommendations and topics on the case studies of the security breaches caused due tot attacks caused by the BYOD trend, it does not account for the authenticity and the parameter of reciprocity, which results in this section of the study to be unethical. However, the other criteria as mentioned above are well fulfilled except for the lack of the reference column. 2.7 Data Collection and Analysis The data collection for the journal called Usability and Security of Text Passwords on Mobile Devices, conducted by Melicher et al. (2016) can be stated to be appropriate. The analysis conducted for the research involves the online crowd sourcing based tests, which can account to be the best method for the accumulation and analysis of the statistical data regarding the identification of the password policies maintained and the string patterns for the passwords. The research also includes the testing methods and the test results, based on different conditions. The most crucial part of the research is the highlight of the ecological suiting of the password generation methods that imply the validity of the results, to be implemented in the real-time operations. On the other hand, the evaluation of the journal namely Todays Mobile Security Requires a New Approach, conducted by Leavitt (2013), reveals that the data provided regarding the mobile security concerns highlights a major range of security threats and the management of the security methods but lacks the detailed insight into the mentioned topics. The research has produced many topics namely the threats, new security management methods, case studies and the recommendations of the IT officials, but it lacks the details that should have been present on the inclusion of this domain. 2.8 Evidence Support of the Research In the case of the research finding of the journal namely Usability and Security of Text Passwords on Mobile Devices, conducted by Melicher et al. (2016), the test findings include a wide number of evidence. The tests include the sampling standards like the presence of password patterns such as basic20, 3class8, 2word16, and 3word20 and the inclusion of conditions like basic20MM and 2word16TM. The evidence from the tests reveal the parameter and characteristics of usability like the challenges faced regarding time, creation criteria, ambiguity in the entered password, deletions and copy-pasting. Thus, the wide range testing methods have led to diverse evidence, which have led to the extensive findings of the research, due to the presence of widespread standards. On the contrary, the critical evaluation of the research named Todays Mobile Security Requires a New Approach, conducted by Leavitt (2013) reveals the fact that the research has included a major evidence towards the extent of the implementation of the BYOD trend in the countries, economically emerging and those with developed economies. The research also contains evidence from the case studies of different software breaches and the recommendations from the IT officials of the software service vendors. Thus, the evidences are adequate for the validity of the research. 3.0 Conclusion The essay comprises the evaluation of the key parameters for both the journals. The research questions addressed by both the journals are distinctly clear and are adequately significant in the context of contemporary mobile security. The essay further provides insight into the methodologies and the philosophical framework that the journals have followed. The analysis part of the essay describes the association of the addressed topics of the essay and the journals comprise noticeably associative data evaluation. However, the second journal has offered areas of criticizing like the flaws in not elaborating on the mentioned points and not including the reference list for the sources, from which it has acquired the statistical results as well as the case studies and the recommendations. References Leavitt, N., 2013. Today's mobile security requires a new approach.Computer, (11), pp.16-19. Melicher, W., Kurilova, D., Segreti, S.M., Kalvani, P., Shay, R., Ur, B., Bauer, L., Christin, N., Cranor, L.F. and Mazurek, M.L., 2016, May. Usability and security of text passwords on mobile devices. InProceedings of the 2016 Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI(Vol. 16).

The Legend of Mulan a Heroine of Ancient China Essay Essay Example

The Legend of Mulan: a Heroine of Ancient China Essay Paper Hua Mulan ( ) was a legendary heroine from ancient China. She disguised her brother in order to take her father’s topographic point in the ground forces. courageously supporting her state and gloriously returning place. Her narrative comes from a fable. which was passed down and recite over many old ages. so I still can’t make up ones mind whether or non Mulan was a historical individual. However. I found that some of the facts in her narrative are based on historical events that day of the month to the Northern Wei dynasty period ( 386-534 ) . Mulan is the heroine in the Ballad of Mulan ( ) . At the really beginning of the lay. Mulan was weaving at her loom room. From the first sentence. â€Å"Click. clap. Click. clap. † I know that Mulan was weaving. when all of a sudden. the sound of loom and bird stopped. and alternatively Mulan sighed. because she saw her father’s name on the ground forces notice. The Emperor was naming for military personnels. Her male parent was excessively old to fall in the ground forces. and her younger brother was excessively immature. so Mulan decided to travel to conflict in her father’s topographic point. We will write a custom essay sample on The Legend of Mulan: a Heroine of Ancient China Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Legend of Mulan: a Heroine of Ancient China Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Legend of Mulan: a Heroine of Ancient China Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then she went to four markets: E. West. south. and north. Harmonizing to Chinese tradition. each of the four waies is connected with a different component. viz. . wood. metal. fire. and H2O. The 5th traditional component is earth. Mulan. as a kid of the Earth. hoped the elements could give her power and bravery to get the better of troubles. She took leave of her parents at morning. and they yelled at her as she left. because they knew she would decease if anyone were to happen out she was a adult female. In the base on balls. the military cantonment banned adult females from come ining. so she dressed in her armour as a soldier before she rode off with others. because she could non allow people happen out her secret. Gradually. she no longer heard her parents’ voices. merely the rumble of the Yellow River. Traversing this. she reached the Black Mountains. Mulan couldn’t hear her parents’ voice any more. merely the neighing of enemy’s Equus caballuss. That was a long March. Time moved fast. Mulan rode 10 1000 stat mis to the battleground. She crossed the extremums and passed the mountains like a bird in the conflict. Here the lay tells us that Mulan had fought so many times in conflict that she has become superior in soldierly humanistic disciplines. Life was really hard in the cantonment. with war membranophones pealing in the brickle air. and she needed to kip in the cold air at dark. I think she could digest those troubles because she had a religion in protecting her state and household. The war dragged on. and generals died one after another after in 100s of conflicts. Ten old ages subsequently. the conflicts ended. and the soldiers returned place. Above. merely several sentences described the conflicts. so did they have victory? I think they must hold won in conflict. and Mulan took the most of import consequence. because the Emperor gave her many awards. However. Mulan didn’t accept anything. alternatively merely bespeaking for a strong camel to transport her back place shortly. Although the Emperor granted Mulan’s petition. I keep inquiring whether the Emperor knew she was a adult female. and would he hold still made the same determination if he found out. I know women’s position was really low in ancient China. and they relied on the work forces to populate. When Mulan’s parents heard of their daughter’s return. they came out and welcomed her. because they missed their miss so much. When Mulan’s elder sister and younger brother heard. her senior sister instantly prepared to travel out. and younger brother sharpened his knife to butcher a hog and sheep for a banquet in Mulan’s award. The first thing Mulan did was return to looking like a regular lady when she arrived at place. Although she had dressed as a adult male for more than ten old ages. she still remembered who she was. Her companions were all surprised when Mulan stepped out to see them. They were startled because they neer knew she was a adult female. even though they had fought together for 12 old ages. I don’t cognize why the companions didn’t figure out that she was a adult female either. I guess Mulan must hold lived really carefully in the military cantonment. because work forces and adult females still have differences. such as different physical strength and visual aspect. Mulan used a male coney and female cervid for illustration. Peoples know the vaulting horse likes to skip and jump. while the Department of Energy prefers to sit still with its narrow eyes. But in times of danger. how can people state which is male. and which is female when the two run side by side. Complicated and confounding ( ) is a phrase that comes from the Ballad of Mulan to depict something that is complicated and difficult to detect. Passed down from coevals to coevals. Mulan’s narrative has made her a widely known common people heroine throughout China. where school kids still learn the verse form by bosom. Her gallantry. trueness to state. and devotedness to household inspired many poets. authors. and artists to reproduce her narrative. In American. an alive movie was produced as a Disney sketch. Mulan. which was based on the Chinese fable of Hua Mulan. Although that was a similar narrative with similar secret plans. the film made many alterations. for illustration. cutting down some scenes and adding some wit and love affair. In Gao Li’s survey about the difference between different civilizations ( Gao. 2006 ) . she mentioned three differences between Chinese civilization and American Culture. I agree with some of her sentiments. China is a traditional state with a really long history that informs its civilization. In ancient China. because people were affected by Confucianism. Taoism. and Buddhism. they knew and kept their places good. They normally separated work forces. who tilled the land. and adult females who wove the fabric ( ) . Because work forces were considered as superior to adult female. adult female ever followed the Confucian moralss to remain home. This is reflected in the first sentence in the Ballad of Mulan. in which Mulan is merely like a traditional miss sitting at her loom and weaving with her bird. Furthermore. she changed back to the lady’s frock as her first action when she returned home. This means that Mulan knew her topographic point. and she needed to maintain t o his individuality in feudal society. But Mulan the Disney film shows a really outgoing miss. She thought she couldn’t be a traditional Chinese miss. who was supposed to be graceful. demure. and quiet. She preferred freedom to cosmetics. This point is really fitting for modern American civilization. but households wouldn’t have let Mulan move like that in ancient China. Her female parent was busy refering herself with the inside informations of her future matrimony. but she merely messed up everything. The matcher even said. â€Å"You will neer convey your household award! † which truly beat Mulan’s bosom. When she heard her male parent needed to fall in the ground forces once more. she knew he would neer last another journey into conflict with his old lesions. Finally. she decided to take his father’s topographic point in the ground forces. For the same determination. the legendary Mulan merely wanted to be loyal to her state and filial to her parents. Mulan in the film showed some of the same features. but she wanted more. In the film. after people found out she was a adult female they left her entirely. She said. â€Å"I idea I came here to salvage my male parent. but possibly what I truly wanted was to turn out I could make things right. † This is a theoretical account that Disney tries to put up: a brave and independent miss. In America. people encourage the equality of work forces and adult females. and adult females can take of import places in society. In the film. even though Mulan’s secret was uncovered. she didn’t acquire any penalty. because she saved the Emperor and state. The Emperor even bowed to her in forepart of his people. Standing before an Emperor in a feudal society. whether you won a large triumph or contributed the state a batch you could merely be given you assorted wagess. He would neer bow to other people. because that would look beneath his self-respect as the â€Å"Son of Heaven. † That cultural context is wholly different from the American thought of equality. We can see. so that the image of Mulan is different in different civilizations. Mulan in the Disney film is near to the modern constructs of equality. so I can experience she was a modern individual. but Mulan in the lay lived a long clip ago. and she was more of a historical individual. so her thought would be traditional. I believed that if she were from a modern state. she could hold been allowed to contribution more straight to her state. because women’s rights have improved over clip. I am non stating that Disney’s alterations to the image of Mulan are incorrect. because I know people will alter their ways of believing due to their civilization. Movies still need some elements of amusement to pull an audience. I can state that the Disney Mulan was more acceptable for American given its box office success. In any instance. even if the two Mulans come from different epochs. they are still both remembered by people now. Plants Cited: * Book1. Lee. Jeanne M. The Song of Mu Lan. Hong Kong: Blaze I. P. I. . 1995. 2. Marsoli. Lisa A. Disney’s Mulan Classic Storybook. USA: Disney Enterprises. Inc. 1998. * Internet1. Wikipedia. Hua Mulan. Nov. 10. 2010. Wikimedia Foundation. Inc. Nov. 21. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hua_Mulan gt ; . 2. Yuan. Jack. Ballad of Mulan. Apr. 22. 2010. Wikimedia Foundation. Inc. Nov. 21. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikisource. org/wiki/Ballad_of_Mulan gt ; . 3. Wikipedia. Mulan. Nov. 12. 2010. Wikimedia Foundation. Inc. Nov. 21. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mulan_ % 281998_film % 29 gt ; . 4. Gao L. â€Å"A Study on Chinese and American Cultural Differences through the Comparison of Ode of Mulan and the Movie Mulan† . Journal of Huaihua University. Mar. 2006. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cqvip. com/onlineread/onlineread. asp? ID=21886545 A ; SUID=EGBNBFDH DNCBCOPIBOLG EMCBCDOIPNFP gt ;

The Founding of Thebes

The Founding of Thebes The founder of Thebes is known as Cadmus or Kadmos. He was a descendant of the union of Io and Zeus in bull shape. Cadmus father was a Phoenician king named Agenor and his mother was named Telephassa or Telephone. Cadmus had two brothers, one named Thasos, and the other Cilix, who became king of Cilicia. They had a sister named Europa, who was also carried off by a bullZeus, again. The Search for Europa Cadmus, Thasos, and their mother went to look for Europa and stopped in Thrace where Cadmus met his future bride Harmonia. Taking Harmonia with them, they then went to the oracle at Delphi for a consultation. The Delphic Oracle told Cadmus to look for a cow with a lunar sign on either side, to follow where the cow went, and to make sacrifices and establish a town where the bull lay down. Cadmus was also to destroy the guard of Ares. Boeotia and Ares' Dragon After finding the cow, Cadmus followed it to Boeotia, a name based on the Greek word for cow. Where it lay down, Cadmus made sacrifices and started to settle. His people needed water, so he sent out scouts, but they failed to return because they had been killed by Ares dragon who guarded the fountain. It was up to Cadmus to slay the dragon, so with divine assistance, Cadmus slew the dragon using a stone, or perhaps a hunting spear. Cadmus Founds Thebes Athena, who helped with the slaying, advised Cadmus that he should plant the teeth of the dragon. Cadmus, with or without Athenas help, sowed the teeth-seeds. From them emerged fully armed warriors of Ares who would have turned on Cadmus had Cadmus not thrown stones at them making it appear that they were attacking one another. Ares men then fought with each other until only 5 worn out warriors survived, who came to be known as Spartoi the sown men who then helped Cadmus found Thebes. Thebes was the name of the settlement. Harmonia was a daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. The conflict between Ares and Cadmus was resolved by the marriage of Cadmus and Ares daughter. The event was attended by all the gods. Offspring of Cadmus and Harmonia Among the children of Harmonia and Cadmus was Semele, who was the mother of Dionysus, and Agave, mother of Pentheus. When Zeus destroyed Semele and inserted the embryonic Dionysus in his thigh, the palace of Harmonia and Cadmus burned. So Cadmus and Harmonia left and traveled to Illyria (which they also founded) first handing over the kingship of Thebes to their son Polydorus, father of Labdacus, father of Laius, father of Oedipus. Founding Legends Athena reserved some of the dragons teeth to give to Jason.Thebes was an Egyptian city, too. One story of the founding of Thebes says that Cadmus gave the Greek city the same name his father had just given to the Egyptian city.Instead of Polydorus, Pentheus is sometimes named as the successor of Cadmus.Cadmus is credited with bringing the alphabet/writing to Greece.The continent of Europe was named for Europa, the sister of Cadmus. This is the background for the first of three sets of stories from Greek mythology about Thebes. The other two are the sets of stories surrounding the House of Laius, especially Oedipus and those around the conception of Dionysus. One of the more enduring figures in the Theban legends is the long-lived, transgendering Tiresias the seer. Source Ovids Narcissus (Met. 3.339-510): Echoes of Oedipus, by Ingo Gildenhard and Andrew Zissos; The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 121, No. 1 (Spring, 2000), pp. 129-147/

Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling Essay Example

Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling Essay Example Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling Essay Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling Essay Ethical motives is by and large defined as a philosophical subject that is concerned with human conduced and moral determination devising ( Van Hoose, 1985 ) . Ethical motives are normative in nature and concentrate on rules and criterions that govern relationship between persons, such as those between counsellors and clients. Morality, nevertheless, involves judgement or rating of action. It is associated with such words as good, bad, right, incorrect ought, and should ( allow, 1992 ) . Counselors have ethical motives, and the theories counsellors employ have embedded within them moral presuppositions about human nature that explicitly and implicitly inquiry foremost What is a individual and second, what should a individual be or go? ( Christopher, 1996 ) For bettering the ethical and legal degree of guidance, foremost, the counsellor needs to understand what the word ethical agencies. Before the first guidance session, the counsellor should recognize how of import about doing good professional determinations that are both moralss and legal while being helpful to his or her clients. Harmonizing to the Webster s New World Dictionary ( 1980 ) , it means 1. holding to make with moralss ; or of conforming to moral criterions, 2. conforming to professional criterions of behavior . Notice that these two definitions are clearly different. This first is a personal phenomenon that is, what is moral is decide most frequently by persons. In contrast, the 2nd encompasses behaviours that are considered ethical by some professional group. In the mental wellness profession, that group could be the American Counseling Association ( ACA ) , or the American Psychological ( APA ) , merely to call a few. The development of codifications of moralss for counsellors The first guidance codification of moralss was developed by the American Counseling Association ( ACA ) ( Then the American Personnel and Guidance Association, or APGA ) based on the original American Psychological Association codification of moralss ( Allen, 1986 ) . The initial ACA codification was initiated by Donald Super and approved in 1961 ( Callis A ; Pope, 1982 ) . It has been revised sporadically since that clip. The ACA besides produces A Practitioner s Guide to Ethical Decision Making, picture conferences on deciding leading-edge ethical quandary ( Salo A ; Hamilton, 1996 ) , and an Ethical Standards Casebook ( Herlihy A ; Corey, 1996 ) . The ACA s latest moralss codification is entailed a Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. This codification is one of the major marks that reding has developed into a mature subject because professions are characterized, among other things, by a claim to specialized cognition and a codification of moralss. In the CAC, moralss criterions are arranged under topical sectional headers. They contain material similar to that found in many other ethical codifications, yet they are alone to the profession of guidance. Following the Guideline for Acting Ethically For bettering the higher degree of the moralss of guidance, the counsellors should follow guideline for moving ethically. Swanson ( 1983 ) lists guidelines for measuring whither counsellors act in ethically responsible ways. The first is personal and professional honest. Counselors need to run openly with themselves and those with whom they work. Hidden agendas or unacknowledged feelings hinder relationship and topographic point counsellors on rickety ethical land. One manner to get the better of personal and professional honest jobs that may acquire in the manner of moving ethically is to have supervising ( Kitchener, 1994 ) . The 2nd guideline is moving in the best involvement of clients. This ideal is easier to discourse than achieve. At times, a counsellor may enforce personal values on client and disregard what they truly want ( Gladding A ; Hool, 1974 ) . At other times, a counsellor may neglect to acknowledge an exigency and excessively readily accept the thought that the client s best involvement is served by making nil. The 3rd guideline is that counsellors act without maliciousness or personal addition. Some clients are hard to wish or cover with, and it is win these persons that counsellors must be particularly careful. However, counsellors must be careful to avoid relationships with sympathetic clients either on a individual or professional footing. Mistakes in judgement are most likely to happen when the counsellor s self-interest becomes a portion of the relationship with a client ( Germaine, 1993 ) . The concluding guideline is whether counsellors can warrant an action as the best judgement of what should be done based upon the current province of the profession ( Swanson, 1983 ) . To do such a determination, counsellors must maintain up with current tendencies by reading the professional literature ; go toing in-service workshops and conventions, and going actively involved in local, province, and national guidance activities. The ACA Ethical Standards Casebook ( Herlihy A ; Corey, 1996 ) contains illustrations in which counsellors are presented with issues and instance surveies of questionable ethical state of affairss and given both guidelines and inquiries to reflect on in make up ones minding what an ethical response would be. Each state of affairs involves a criterion of the ethical codification. Equally helpful as the casebook may be, in many guidance state of affairss the proper behaviour is non obvious ( Gladding, 2001 ) . For illustration, the inquiry of confidentiality in equilibrating the single rights of a individual with AIDS and society s right to be protected from the spread of the disease in one with which some counsellors struggle. Likewise, there are multiple ethical quandary in reding grownup subsisters about what to make in a given state of affairs, it is important for counsellors to concern and talk over state of affairss with co-workers, in add-on to utilizing rules, guidelines, cas ebooks, and professional codifications of moralss. Counselor Competence and Referral The ACA Code of Ethics ( 1995 ) clearly states that Counselors must pattern merely within the boundaries of their competency, based on their instruction, preparation, supervised experience, province and national professional certificates, and appropriate professional experience . The APA Ethical Principles ( 1992 ) makes a similar statement and adds that: Psychologists provide services, Teach, or behavior research in new country or affecting new techniques merely after first set abouting appropriate survey, preparation, supervising, and audience from individual who are competent in those countries or techniques. The ethical criterions are rather clear sing what a counsellor should make if he is non competent to handle a certain client job. His first and best pick is to do an appropriate referral. If there is no 1 to whom he can mention ( which would be an exclusion instead than a common happening ) , so it is incumbent on he to educate himself through reading books and journal articles on the presenting job and to seek supervising of his work with the client. The counsellor has the duty for the public assistance of the client ; hence, it is his professional responsibility to obtain for that client the best services possible be it from him or from a professional co-worker. Clients are non topics for your test and mistake acquisition but merit the best professional attention possible. One of counsellors duties is to acknowledge his or her strengths and failings and to offer services merely in the countries of his or her strengths. Specifying a counsellor s countries of constituent normally involves critical and honest introspection. Naming this subjective constituent an internal position, Robinson and Cross cautiousness counsellors to make everything possible to derive the accomplishments and cognition based to the profession. Counselors need to stretch their accomplishments continually by reading and go toing to new and developing tendencies, through achieving postgraduate instruction, and through go toing seminars and workshops aimed at sharpening and increasing both cognition and accomplishment bases. All counsellors must take full duty for adhering to professional codifications of behavior that address the constructs of proper representation of professional makings, for supplying merely those services for which they have been trained, and for seeking aid with personal issues that are barriers to supplying effectual service. Regardless of the country of the country of service being discussed, counsellors are the first-line justice of their professional competency. Although credentialing organic structures, professional organisations, and province legislative assemblies may put criterions for pattern, the counsellor must be the most critical judge of his or her ability to supply services. This frequently becomes rather a challenge when 1 s life dependants on holding clients who will pay for service. In fact, the ethical is non ever the easy pick. Bettering Ethical motives Decisions Making in Reding The doing moralss determination is the important key for accomplishing a higher degree of the moralss of reding. Ethical motives determination devising is frequently non easy yet is a portion of being a counsellor. It requires virtuousnesss such as character, unity, and moral bravery every bit good as cognition ( Welfel, 1998 ) . Some counsellors operate from personal ethical criterions without respect to the ethical guidelines developed by professional guidance associations. They normally function good until faced with a quandary for which there is no evident good or best solution ( Swanson, 1983 ) . At such times, ethical issues originate and these counsellors experience anxiousness, uncertainty, vacillation, and confusion in finding their behavior. Unfortunately, when they act, their behaviour may turn out to be unethical because it is non grounded in any ethical codification. The research workers found five types of ethical quandary most prevailing among the university counsellors they surveys there: a. confidentiality, b. function struggle, c. counsellor competency, d. struggles with employer or establishment, and e. grade of dangerousness. The situational quandary that involved danger were the least hard to decide and those that dealt with counsellor competency and confidentiality were the most hard. The surprising determination of this survey, nevertheless, was that less than over-third of the respondents indicated that they relied on published professional codifications of moralss in deciding quandary. Alternatively, most used common sense, a scheme that at times may be professionally unethical and at best unwise. It is in such types of state of affairss that need to be cognizant of resources for ethical determination devising, particularly when inquiries arise over controversial behaviours such as puting or roll uping fees or carry oning double relationships ( Gibson A ; Pope, 1993 ) . Ethical logical thinking, the procedure of finding which ethical rules are involved and so prioritising them based on the professional demands and beliefs, is besides important ( Lanning, 1992 ) . In doing ethical determinations, counsellors should take actions based on careful, brooding idea about responses they think are professionally right in peculiar state of affairss ( Tennyson A ; Strom, 1992 ) . Several ethical rules relate to the actives and ethical picks of counsellors: Beneficence ( making good and forestalling injury ) , Non malfeasance ( non bring downing injury ) , Autonomy ( esteeming freedom of pick and self-government ) , Justice ( equity ) , and Fidelity ( fidelity or honouring commandments ) ( Herlihy, 1996 ) . All these rules involve witting determination devising by counsellors throughout the guidance procedure. Of these rules, some experts identify non malfeasance as the primary ethical duty in the field of reding. Non malfeasance non merely involves the remotion of present injury but the bar of future injury and inactive turning away of injury . It is the footing on which counsellors respond to clients who may jeopardize themselves or others and why they respond to co-workers unethical behaviour. Educating Counselors in Ethical Decision Making Ethical can be bettering in many ways, but one of the round is through class offering that are now required in most alumnus guidance plans and available for go oning instruction recognition. Such classs can convey about important attitudinal alterations in pupils and practising professionals, damage, and multiculturalism ( Coll, 1993 ) . Because ethical attitudinal alterations are related to ethical behavioural alterations, classs in moralss on any degree are highly valuable. Van Hoose ( 1979 ) conceptualizes the ethical behaviour of counsellors in footings of a five-stage developmental continuum of logical thinking: Punishment orientation. At this phase the counsellor believes external societal criterions are the footing for judging behaviour. If clients or counsellors violate a social regulation, they should be punished. Institutional orientation. Counselors who operate at this phase believe in and stay by the regulations of the establishments for which they work. They do non oppugn the regulations and establish their determinations on them. Social orientation. Counselors at this phase base determinations on social criterions. If a inquiry arises about whether the demands of society or an person should come foremost, the demands of society are ever given precedence. Individual orientation. The person s demands receive top precedence at this phase. Counselors are cognizant of society demands and are concerned about the jurisprudence, but they focus on what is best for the person. Principle ( scruples ) orientation. In this phase concern for the person is primary. Ethical determinations are based on internalized ethical criterions, non external considerations. As Welfel and Lipsitz ( 1983 ) point out, the work of Van Hoose and Paradise is particularly of import because it is the first conceptual theoretical account in the literature that attempts to explicate how counsellors ground about ethical issues . It is heuristic ( i.e. , research able or unfastened to research ) and can organize the footing gor empirical surveies of publicity of ethical behaviour. Several other theoretical accounts have been proposed for educating counsellors in ethical determination devising. Based on Gumaer and Scott ( 1985 ) , for case, offer a method for developing group workers based on the ethical guidelines of the association for specializers in group work. This method uses instance sketchs and Carkhuff s three-goal, theoretical account of assisting: self-expectation, self-understanding, and action. Kicherner ( 1986 ) proposes an incorporate theoretical account of ends and constituents for an ethics instruction course of study based on research on the psychological procedures underlying moral behaviour and current thought in applied moralss. Her course of study includes counsellors to ethical issues, bettering their abilities to do ethical judgements, encourage responsible ethical actions and digesting the ambiguity of ethical determination devising ( Kitchener, 1986 ) . Her theoretical account and one proposed are process oriented and presume that co unsellors do non larn to do ethical determinations on their ain. Pelsma and Borgers ( 1986 ) peculiarly stress the how every bit opposed to what of moralss that is, how to ground ethically in a invariably altering field. Other practician usher for doing ethical determinations are a seven-step determination doing theoretical accounts based on a synthesis of the professional literature, a nine-step ethical decision-making theoretical accounts follow based on critical-evaluative judgements and seven other theoretical accounts created between 1984 and 1998 ( cottone A ; Claus, 2000 ) . These ethical decision-making theoretical accounts follow expressed stairss or phases and are frequently used for specific countries of reding pattern. However, through empirical comparings and continued duologue, the effectivity of the theoretical accounts may be validated. In add-on to the theoretical accounts already mentioned the ACA Ethics Committee offers a assortment of educational experience. For illustration, members of the commission offer larning institutes at national and regional ACA conferences. In add-on, they publish articles in the ACA newssheet. Finally, to advance guidance patterns, the commission through ACA publishes a type counsellor s usher entitled: What you should cognize about the ethical pattern of professional counsellors, which is on the ACA web site every bit good as printed ( Williams A ; Freeman, 2002 ) . Focus on Clients Rights When clients enter a guidance relationship, they have a right to presume that you are competent. In add-on, they have certain rights, known as client rights, every bit good as duties. These rights have their foundation in the Bill of Rights, peculiarly the first and 4th amendment of the fundamental law of the United States, which are freedom of faith, address, and the imperativeness and right of request and freedom from unreasonable hunts and ictuss, severally. The construct of confidentiality, privileged communicating, and informed consent are based on the 4th amendment, which guarantees privateness. Privacy has been defined as the freedom of persons to take for themselves the clip and the fortunes under which and the extent to which their beliefs, behaviours, and sentiments are to be shared or withheld from others ( Corey et al. , 1988 ) . Bettering Confidentiality and Privileged Communications The construct of privateness is the foundation for the client s legal right to favor communicating and counsellor s duty to keep guidance communications confidentiality is a professional construct. It is so of import that both the APA ( 1992 ) Ethical rules and the ACA ( 1995 ) Code of Ethics each devote an full subdivision to confidentiality. However, a client s communications are non confidential in a tribunal of jurisprudence unless the mental wellness professional is lawfully certified or licensed in the province in which he or she patterns. Most provinces grant the clients of state-certified or accredited mental wellness professionals ( such as psychologists, professional counsellors, and matrimony and household healers ) the right of privileged communications. This means that clients, non counsellors, have control over who has entree to what they have said in therapy and protects them from holding their communications disclosed in a tribunal of jurisprudence. In order for communicating to be privileged, counsellors should follow four conditions. First, the communicating must arise in assurance that it will non be disclosed. Second, confidentiality must be indispensable to the full and satisfactory care of the relationship. Third, in the sentiment of the greater community, the relationship must be one that should be sedulously fostered. Finally, hurt to the relationship by revelation of the communicating must be greater than the benefit gained by the right disposal of judicial proceeding sing the information. If as a counsellor can claim these four conditions, so his clients communications are non merely confidential, but they are besides privileged and, hence, are protected from being disclosed in a tribunal of jurisprudence. One must retrieve, nevertheless, that there is ever a balance between a clients s right to privateness and society s demand to cognize. Despite the importance given to confidentiality and privileged communicating, Catholic Pope, and Keith-Spiegel ( 1987 ) reported that 62 per centum of psychologists in a national study indicated that they had accidentally violated a client s confidentiality and 21 per centum had deliberately violated a client s confidentiality. These dismaying statistics suggest that mental wellness professionals are at hazard for go againsting this nucleus ethical rule. Therefore, all mental wellness professionals need to be cognizant of the professional criterions sing confidentiality, the professional is guilty of transgressing the confidentiality. Secretaries are considered extensions of the certified or licensed mental wellness professionals to which they are accountable. Bettering Informed Consent The ACA ( 1995 ) Code of Ethics is really specific with regard to what should be disclosed to clients in order for them to give informed consent: When guidance is initiated, and throughout the guidance procedure as necessary, counsellors inform clients of the intents, ends, techniques, processs, restrictions, possible hazards and benefits of services to be performed, and other pertinent information. Counselors take stairss to guarantee that clients understand the deductions of diagnosing, the intended usage of trials and studies, fee, and charging agreements. Clients have the right to anticipate confidentiality and be provided with an account of its restrictions, including supervising and intervention squad professionals ; to obtain clear information about the instance records ; to take part in the on-going guidance programs ; and to decline any recommended services and be advised on the effects of such refusal. If a counsellor is asked by a client to unwrap to a 3rd party information revealed in therapy, have the client mark an informed consent signifier before doing any revelation. The counsellor may be surprised to larn that counsellor are non even permitted to react to enquiries about whether they are seeing a individual in therapy even the client s name and position in reding are confidential, unless the client has granted permission for this information to be released. One exclusion is when the client is paying for the services through an insurance company. This automatically grants the insurance company limited entree to information sing the client. The client needs to be made cognizant of the parametric quantities of the information that will be shared with the insurance company prior to get downing therapy. Again, it is apparent how of import it is to hold possible clients subscribe an informed consent signifier before they become clients. Bettering Clients Social welfare All the predating treatment remainders on the permission rests on the premiss that the counsellor s primary duty is to protect the public assistance of the client. The preamble to the APA ( 1992 ) Ethical Principles specifically states that it has as its primary end the public assistance and protection of the persons and groups with whom psychologists work. A similar statement is made by ACA ( 1995 ) Code of Ethical motives: the primary duty of counsellors is to esteem the self-respect and to advance the public assistance and of clients . Dual relationships, counsellors personal demands have already been discussed ; attending now needs to be given to the 3rd concern. An extra set of guidelines comes into drama when a counsellor is making work or working with a twosome or household. In a group scene, particular issues include makings of the group leader, informed consent when more than the group leader will be take parting in therapy, the bounds to confidentiality and to favor communicating when 3rd parties are present in therapy, and understanding how persons will be protected and their growing nurtured in a group state of affairs. Unlike single guidance, clients who want to be involved into a group experience demand to be screened before being accepted into a group. This testing non merely ensures that the client is appropriate for the group but besides protects other group members from a potentially dysfunctional group member. It is apparent that client public assistance, whether in single therapy or in group work, rests forthrightly on the shoulders of the counsellor. The counsellor must be cognizant of the assorted facets of the guidance relationship that can endanger the client s public assistance and take the stairss necessary to relieve the state of affairs. Robinson Kurpius and Gross offer several suggestions for safeguarding the public assistance of each client: Check to be certain that you are working in harmoniousness with any other mental wellness professional besides seeing your client. Develop clear, written descriptions codification of what clients may expert with regard to curative government, proving and studies, recordkeeping, charge, programming, and exigencies. Share your professional codification of moralss with your clients, and prior to get downing therapy discourse the parametric quantities of a curative relationship. Know your ain restrictions, and do non waver to utilize appropriate referral beginnings. Be certain that the attacks and techniques used are appropriate for the client and that you have the necessary expertness for their usage. See all other possibilities before set uping a guidance relationship that could be considered a double relationship. Measure the client s ability to pay and when the payment of the usual fee would make a adversity. Either accept a decreased fee or help the client in happening needful services at an low-cost cost. Objectively evaluate client advancement and the curative relationship to find if it is systematically in the best involvements of the client. Bettering the Ethical motives of Counseling in Some Specific Situations Counselors should look into exhaustively the general political relations and rules of an establishment before accepting employment because employment in a specific puting implies that selves in establishments that misuse their services and do non move in the best involvements of their clients, they must move either to alter the establishment through educational or persuasive agencies or happen other employment. The potency for major ethical crises between a counsellor and his or her employer exists in many school puting. School counsellors are frequently used as tools by school decision makers. When the possibility of struggle exists between a counsellor s trueness to the employer and the client, the counsellor should ever try to happen a declaration that protects the rights of the client ; the ethical duty is to the client foremost and the school lore other puting 2nd ( Huey, 1986 ) . One manner school counsellors can guarantee themselves of an ethically sound plan is to recognize that they may meet multiple quandary in supplying services to pupils, parents, and instructors. Therefore, before interacting with these different groups, school counsellors should go households with the ethical criterions of the American school reding association, which outlines counsellors duties to the groups with whom they work ( Henderson, 2003 ) . One of the most common state of affairss of guidance is about the household and matrimony. The ground is that counsellors are handling a figure of persons together as a system, and it is improbable that all members of the system have the same ends. To get the better of possible jobs, Thomas ( 1994 ) has developed a dynamic, process-oriented model for counsellors to utilize when working with households. This theoretical account discusses six values that affect counsellors, clients, and the guidance procedure: ( a ) duty, ( B ) unity, ( degree Celsius ) committedness, ( vitamin D ) freedom of pick, ( vitamin E ) authorization, and ( degree Fahrenheit ) right heartaches. Then, when a counsellor faces the guidance of household or matrimony, he or she should seek to follow this model. The usage of computing machines and engineering in guidance is another country of possible ethical trouble. The possibilities exist for a breach of client information when computing machines are used to convey information among professional counsellors. Other ethically sensitive countries include client or counsellor abuse and even the cogency of informations offered over computing machine links. In add-on, the job of cyber guidance or web reding that is, reding over the cyberspace in which the counsellor may be 100s of stat mis off is fraught with ethical quandary. Therefore, the national board of certified counsellors has issued ethical guidelines sing such behavior. Other reding scenes or state of affairss with important potency for ethical quandary include reding the aged, multicultural guidance, working in managed attention, diagnosing of clients, and reding research ( Jencius A ; Rotter, 1998 ) . In all of these countries, counsellors face new state of affairss, some of which are non addressed by the ethical criterions of the ACA. For case, in working with older grownups, counsellors must do ethical determinations sing the alone demands of the aging who have cognitive damages, a terminal unwellness, or who have been victims of maltreatment. In order to make so, counsellors may use rule moralss to these state of affairss that are based on a set of duties that focus on happening socially and historically appropriate replies to the inquiry: What shall I make? In other word, Is this action ethical? They may besides use virtuousness moralss, which focus on the character traits of the counsellor and nonmandatory ideals to which professional a spire . Rather than work outing a specific ethical inquiry, virtuousness moralss are focused on the inquiries: Am I making what is best for my client? Counselors are wise to incorporate both signifiers of moralss concluding into their deliberations if they wish to do the best determinations possible. In doing ethical determinations where there are no guidelines, it is besides critical for counsellor to remain abreast of current issues, tendencies, and even statute law related to the state of affairs they face. In the procedure, counsellors must take attention non to pigeonhole or otherwise be insensitive to clients with whom they are working. For case, a primary accent of research moralss is, suitably, on the protection of human topics in research. In the country of research in peculiar, there are four chief ethical issues that must be resolved: a. informed consent, b. coercion and misrepresentation, c. Confidentiality and privateness, and d. describing the consequences. ( Robinson A ; Gross, 1986 ) All of these countries involve people whose lives are in the attention of the research worker. Anticipation of jobs and execution of policies that produce humane and just consequences are indispensable. Bettering the Legal Aspects of Reding Counselors must follow specific legal guidelines in working with certain populations. But counsellors may frequently hold considerable problem in state of affairss in which the jurisprudence is non clear or a struggle exists between the jurisprudence and professional guidance moralss. However, it is of import that suppliers of mental wellness services be to the full informed about what they can or can non make lawfully. Such state of affairss frequently involve the sharing of information among clients, counsellors, and the tribunal system. Sharing may be broken down into confidentiality, privateness, and privileged communicating. Confidentiality is the ethical responsibility to carry through a contract or promise that the information revealed during therapy will be protected from unauthorised revelation. Confidentiality become a legal every bit good as an ethical concern if it is broken, whether intentionality or non. It is yearly one of the most inquired about ethical and legal concerns received by the ACA Ethics Committee including quandary sing right to privateness, clients right to privateness, and counsellors avoiding illegal and indefensible revelations of confidential information ( Williams A ; Freeman, 2002 ) . Privacy is an evolving legal construct that recognizes persons rights to take the clip, fortunes, and extent to which they wish to portion or keep back personal information. Clients who think they have been coerced into uncovering information they would non usually unwrap may seek legal resort against a counsellor. Privileged communicating, a narrower construct, regulates privateness protection and confidentiality by protecting clients from holding their confidential communications disclosed in tribunal without their permission. It is defined as a client s legal right, guaranteed by legislative act, that confidences arising in a curative relationship will be safeguarded ( Arthur A ; Swanson, 1993 ) . Most provinces recognize and protect privileged communicating in counselor-client relationships. As opposed to persons, the legal construct of privileged communicating by and large does non use in group and household guidance ( Anderson, 1996 ) . However, counsellors should see certain ethical concerns in protecting the confidentiality of group and household members. One major trouble with any jurisprudence government client and counsellor communicating is that Torahs vary from province to province. It is indispensable that counsellors know and communicating to their client potency state of affairss in which confidentiality may be broken ( Glosoff, 2000 ) . Therefore, there is a bound to how much confidentiality a counsellor can or should keep. When it appears that a client is unsafe to him or herself or to others, province Torahs specify that this information must be reported to the proper governments. Knapp ( 1982 ) note, nevertheless, that province Torahs vary, and describing such information is frequently hard. They suggest that when client force is at hazard, a counsellor should seek to defuse the danger while besides fulfilling any legal responsibility. They recommend confer withing with professional co-workers who have expertise in working with violent persons and documenting the stairss taken. Drumhead Some unethical state of affairss that typically cause confusion, harmonizing to research by Pope ( 1987 ) , include executing forensic work for a eventuality fee ; accepting goods ( instead than money ) as payment ; gaining a wage that is a per centum of client fees ; avoiding certain clients for fright of being sued ( really common now with grownup subsisters of childhood sexual maltreatment ) ; reding a close comparative or friend of a current client ; directing vacation recognizing cards to your clients ; giving personal advice on the wireless or telecasting ; prosecuting in a sexual phantasy about a client ; restricting intervention notes to name, day of the month, and fee ; ask foring clients to an office unfastened house ; and leting a client to run up a big, unpaid measure. Based on each state of affairs above, a counsellor should hold the thoughts about ethical attack to each of these. But frequently the ethical reply is non crystal clear, and environing fortunes need to be c onsidered. Then, counsellors should seek difficult to better the ethical and legal degree of guidance. Robinson and Gross ( 1989 ) surveyed 500 members of the American Mental Health Counselor s Association and found that those who had non a class in moralss had a peculiarly hard clip urging ethical behaviours in response to a series of instance sketchs. As a consequence, Robinson and Gross strongly recommended increased graduate-level instruction concentrating on professional moralss. Merely cognizing the codifications is non plenty ; counsellors besides need experience using the ethical guidelines to instance scenarios and need to discourse the moral logical thinking behind their determination devising. More and more clients are actioning their counsellors and psychologists for malpractice. For illustration, insurance rates for mental wellness professionals are surging, and insurance companies frequently want to settle out of tribunal instead than bear the costs of contending to turn out their inexperienced person. This may go forth the counsellor in a vulnerable place. His or her best defence is to act every bit ethically as possible while making everything in the power to advance the best involvements for the client. Most counsellors have entered this profession in order to assist others while gaining a life for their egos. Counseling is a baronial profession, particularly it a counsellor gives his best to each of his clients by being cognizant of when he is burned out, stressed, or merely obviously tired and by restricting his contact with clients when his personal jobs could interfere with the quality of his aid. If he keeps the ethical codifications in head at all times ; strive to be as mentally, emotionally, spiritually, and physically healthy as possible ; obtain a thorough alumnus instruction that emphasizes both cognition and pattern ; and seek advanced preparation and supervising when he is in the existent universe , so he should be a benefit to his clients and to his profession.

Immunopharmacolgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Immunopharmacolgy - Essay Example The authors showed also that phosphoramidon significantly potentiates neuropeptide-induced airway microvascular leakage at proximal intrapulmonary airways, but not at any other airway level (ibid, p. 945). There are no available data about the combined action of posphoramidon and histamine and capscaicin. Nevertheless, some authors discuss the mechanisms of interaction between peptidergic and histaminergic stimuli in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma (Crimi et al., 1995; O'Connor et al., 2004; Kirsch et al., 1992; Crimi et al., 1988). For example, the results of Intalian scientists (Crimi et al., 1995) provided evidence of phosphoramidon role in the mediation of Bradykinin-related responses but not in the mediation of histaminergic effects. Contrarily, capsaicin and phosphoramidon have synergistic effects on the bronchial tone (Sagara et al., 1993). To determine whether the epithelium influenced the effect of endogenously released and exogenously released substance P on smooth muscle function there is expediently to conduct two different experiments. The first one will test the action of exogenously released substance P and can be conducted in vivo with the administration of substance P via inhalation. The effects of endogenously released substance P could be tested in the in vitro study with isolated tracheal ring where some of them will be processed by the airway epithelium removal. Th The major effect of epithelium removal on the contractile response to substance P could be related to the loss of neutral endopeptidase and neuropeptide degradation. This hypothesis also is proved by the numerous experimental studies (Toews et al., 1997; Frossard et al., 1989 etc) References 1. Crimi et al. (1988) Effect of nedocromil on bronchospasm induced by inhalation of substance P in asthmatic subjects. Clin Allergy. 18(4) pp. 375-82 2. Crimi et al. (1995) Effect of an inhaled neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, on baseline airway calibre and bronchial responsiveness to bradykinin in asthma. 4Thorax. 50(5):505-10. 3. Gallelli et al. (2003) Role of tachykinins in the bronchoconstriction induced by HCl intraesophageal instillation in the rabbit. Life Sci. 72(10) 1135-1142. 4. Kirsch et al. (1992) Mechanism of platelet activating factor-induced vascular leakage in the rat trachea. Exp Lung Res. 18(4) pp. 447-459. 5. 4Lotvall et al. (1991) Differential effects of phosphoramidon on neurokinin A- and substance P-induced airflow obstruction and airway microvascular leakage in guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol. 104(4):945-9. 6. Marini et al. (1996) Endothelin-1 induces increased fibronectin expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 220(3) 896-899. 7. 4O'Connor et al. (2004) The role of substance P in inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol. 201(2):167-80. 8. 4Sagara et al. (1993) Effect of capsaicin on the migration of eosinophils into the bronchi of guinea pigs Arerugi. 42(3 Pt 1):236-42 9. 4Toews, Ustinova & Schultz (1997) Lysophosphatidic acid enhances contractility of isolated airway smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1997 Oct;83(4):1216-22. 10. 4Zhan, Adner & Cardell (2004) Interleukin-1beta attenuates endothelin B receptor-mediated airway contractions in a murine in vitro model of asthma: roles of endothelin converting enzyme and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Clin Exp Allergy. 34(9) pp.

Journal #3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal #3 - Assignment Example Besides, the slow erosion of families in our society, the acceptance of divorce has rapidly increased, as well as non-marital birth and child bearing. The complexities and dynamics of the society are the driving factors that are accelerating these trends. Furthermore, the society has grown less critical of these issues hence they are steadily creeping in and infiltrating our thoughts in such a way that individuals are beginning to perceived these unfortunate circumstances acceptable. There are numerous factors that result into issues such as divorce, cohabitation, non-marital child birth, and single parenthood. The paper therefore seeks to examine these factors and the perception of the society against them by reviewing historical arguments by Cherlin on greater tolerance for alternative family and parental structure and Wilson’s sociological argument in the contemporary US state. Wilson (2002) book title â€Å"Cohabitation instead of marriage† focuses on the challenges or problems and consequences of cohabitation and functions of marriage in the society and family. Finding solutions to the problems of cohabitation is often a hard nut to crack. The partners usually do not have strong incentive drive to heavily invest the union unlike in marriage which binds couple together since the process of divorce usually lead to some consequences. Wilson (2002) argues that marriage provides restriction to freedom so that the financial and emotional investments in the union of couples make sense. In marriage, the couple makes a commitment to love one another and despite the knowledge of existence of divorce, they tend to stick to the promise. However, cohabiting couples have no commitment to fulfill hence when one is out of love with the other, he or she can opt to walk out of the union. There is less incentive for love in such situations. Most cohabiting couples tend to have separate bank accounts hence the expenses of their lives are

Interventions for Maternal and Child Health in Nepal Essay Example for Free

Interventions for Maternal and Child Health in Nepal Essay Macro- and micro-nutrient malnutrition is a major public health problem and a key factor in determining morbidity and mortality. Its underlying determinants include poverty, education, sanitation, climate, food production, cultural norms, and accessibility and quality of health care. Pregnant women and young children are particularly at risk owing to the extra nutritional demands of rapid growth. Malnutrition is the direct cause of approximately 300,000 deaths per year (Muller Krawinkel, 2005), and a contributing factor in over a third— 3.5 million—of all child deaths annually (Horton, 2008). These deaths are largely preventable. For infants, there is a â€Å"golden interval† for intervention from pregnancy to 2 years, during which improvements in nutritional status can have long-lasting benefits (Horton, 2008). Strong associations exist between maternal and child undernutrition and reduced adult economic productivity and other negative outcomes (Victoria et al., 2008). While Nepal has recently demonstrated progress toward improving general maternal and child health (MCH), there are still opportunities to further improve nutritional status of mothers and children. This paper examines and makes recommendations about interventions that have the potential to improve maternal and child nutritional status in Nepal. The interventions discussed in this paper address the underlying causes of nutrition-related maternal and child mortality and morbidity, as outlined by the UNICEF Conceptual framework for maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity (UNICEF, 2008), and are organized based on the period of intervention, including antenatal care, delivery care, and post-partum and early childhood care. Antenatal care: Within the antenatal period of development, maternal supplementation has been one of the most studied interventions. Evidence is strongest in support of maternal supplementation of multiple micronutrients, calcium, and iron-folic acid. Given the staggering rates of micronutrient deficiencies among pregnant Nepali women and the low cost of supplementation, maternal supplementation of multiple micronutrients, calcium and iron-folic acid is highly recommended. These micronutrients have a range of benefits, including reduction of maternal anemia, maternal mortality, pre-eclampsia, hypertension, puerperal infection, and low birthweight (LBW). This paper also examines the evidence around maternal smoking cessation interventions because of the extraordinary potential for impact of such programs in a population where smoking rates among women are high and knowledge about negative outcomes associated with smoking is low and because maternal smoking cessation appears to have not been a focus of government and other programs in Nepal. However, there is a lack Executive Summary i of solid evidence to suggest that a particular intervention to reduce maternal smoking could be both effective and efficient in developing countries. Delivery care: This paper also examines interventions during delivery that can have an impact on nutritional status. Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) play a crucial role in decreasing nenonatal and maternal mortality during delivery. They also dispense advice regarding antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal care, including nutrition and diet, breastfeeding, and immunizations. One important aspect of training for TBAs, as well as other health professionals, is the promotion of delayed umbilical cord clamping. Due to the high rates of anemia and iron deficiency in children, delayed cord clamping is a critical intervention because it is a cost-effective way to improve hematologic status, increase blood volume, and decrease anemia in infancy. Post-partum and early childhood care: Finally, nutritional interventions in the post-partum and early childhood period can reduce childhood morbidity and mortality and ensure that children are developing in a healthy way. This section of the paper focuses on the promotion of breastfeeding, infant and child vitamin A supplementation and growth monitoring and promotion (GMP). There exists decades of research showing that breastfeeding is a highly effective strategy to reduce all-cause mortality, diarrheal morbidity and mortality, and the risk of gastrointestinal infections and respiratory infections. There is a wealth of empirical data supporting the promotion of breastfeeding in developed and developing countries alike. Vitamin A supplementation for infants and young children has already been successful in Nepal, and it should remain a priority there. Vitamin A supplementation is associated with reductions in night-blindness, Bitot’s spots, xerophthalmia, and severe morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, and when given before certain immunizations, it can enhance the immune response to the immunizations, making them more effective. Also, the use of GMP, measuring and charting the growth of children and using this information to counsel parents to motivate behaviors that promote growth, provides a cost-effective opportunity to identify growth issues before severe malnutrition manifests. For summary information on recommended interventions, refer to the one-page briefs after this Executive Summary. The interventions examined in this paper collectively have an enormous potential for impact in Nepal. At the same time, it is important to consider some of the challenges and feasibility concerns that these interventions may face. These may Executive Summary include: access to and utilization of antenatal care and other health services; the status of the health system infrastructure; financial resource availability, and cultural considerations. Also, while these recommended interventions can be successful in addressing the underlying causes of malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality, long-term solutions for improving maternal and child nutritional status must address the basic causes, such as political, economic and social conditions. While challenges and other considerations exist, the interventions recommended have the potential to make a real and lasting impact in Nepal by reducing the burden of nutrition-related morbidity and mortality. These interventions are cost-effective tools that should be central to any plan to create a bright and healthy future generation in Nepal.

Entrapment :: Personal Narrative Elevators Essays

Entrapment Last year, sixty seven thousand people called the police due to elevator entrapment. About seventy six percent of those people who used those elevators were lethargic. The other twenty four percent had legitimate reasons for using the elevator. Elevators should only be used when you are physically disabled. American’s all over the world try to take the easy way out of any exercise. Elevators have become a major part of everyday life for many Americans. Entrapment occurs when there is too much weight or to many people. Getting trapped in an elevator causes panic to many human beings and bonds them through experience. Have you ever been stuck in an elevator? Does it bother you to be in a small space with sixteen other people? Recently, I was trapped in an elevator with sixteen other people. This elevator was about six feet wide and seven feet long. Imagine how a throng of people could fit into that amount of space. It is amazing to me that an experience so random could pave the way for endless support, and create a network of friends out of strangers. It was my first week of my freshman year in college. Normally, you want to survive the first week by going to school events and meeting new people. Being the first Saturday night of the school year my new friend and I decided to go to a party in another dorm on campus. Both of us didn’t know what to expect at a college party, so we dressed up and tried to look our best. As I put my black mascara on I knew that this would be a fun night. My friend Jessica knew one of the guys that would be at this gathering because he lived in the same town that she was from. Finally, we leave our dorms and head out to our first college party. We arrived at the party and started to play cards. As the night progressed, poker was getting a little boring and staying in that dorm room wasn’t too much fun either. Abruptly, one of the guys said we should go to a freshman dorm. Everyone grabbed their belongings and headed to central campus. As we walked to central campus many of the boys were w hispering about how they were going to cause a ruckus. No one was a resident of this hall, so we had to ask someone who was outside to let us in.

Comparing Stanislavski and Brecht’s Acting Techniques

Comparing Stanislavski and Brecht’s acting techniques Early life Bertolt Brecht was born in Augsburg, Bavaria. On the 10th February 1898 Brecht's home life was comfortably middle class, despite his occasional attempt to claim peasant origins. Thanks to his mother's influence, Brecht knew the Bible, a familiarity that would impact on his writing throughout his life. From her, too, came the â€Å"dangerous image of the self-denying woman† that recurs in his drama. When he was 16, the First World War broke out.Fearing persecution, Brecht left Germany in February 1933, when Hitler later took power. Stanislavski was born in Moscow on the 17th on januray 1863. Stanislavski had a privileged youth, growing up in one of the richest families in Russia, the Alekseyevs. He was born Constantin Sergeyevich Alexeyev – â€Å"Stanislavski† was a stage name that he adopted in 1884 in order to keep his performance activities secret from his parents. As a child, Stanislavski was exposed to the rich cultural life of his family. His interests included the circus, the ballet, and puppetry.Increasingly interested in â€Å"living the part,† Stanislavski experimented with the ability to maintain a characterization in real life, disguising himself as a tramp or drunk and visiting the railway station, or disguising himself as a fortune-telling gypsy. Techniques Brecht remained a lifelong committed Marxist who, in developing the combined theory and practice of his epic theatre-Epic Theatre proposed that a play should not cause the spectator to identify emotionally with the characters or action before him or her, but should instead provoke rational self-reflection and a critical view of the action on the stage.Brecht thought that the experience of emotion left an audience complacent. Instead, he wanted his audiences to adopt a critical perspective in order to recognise social injustice and exploitation and to be moved to go forth from the theatre and effec t change in the world outside. For this purpose, Brecht employed the use of techniques that remind the spectator that the play is a representation of reality and not reality itself. By highlighting the constructed nature of the theatrical event, Brecht hoped to communicate that the audience's reality was equally constructed and, as such, was changeable.The distancing effect is achieved by the way the â€Å"artist never acts as if there were a fourth wall besides the three surrounding him. The audience can no longer have the illusion of being the unseen spectator at an event which is really taking place. † The use of direct audience-address is one way of disrupting stage illusion and generating the distancing effect. In performance, as the performer â€Å"observes himself,† his objective is â€Å"to appear strange and even surprising to the audience. He achieves this by looking strangely at himself and his work.Whether Brecht intended the distancing effect to refer to the audience or to the actor or to both audience and actor is still controversial among teachers and scholars of â€Å"Epic Acting† and Brechtian theatre. By disclosing and making obvious the manipulative contrivances and â€Å"fictive† qualities of the medium, the viewer is alienated from any passive acceptance and enjoyment of the play as mere â€Å"entertainment. † Instead, the viewer is forced into a critical, analytical frame of mind that serves to disabuse him of the notion that what he is watching is necessarily an inviolable, self-contained narrative.This effect of making the familiar strange serves a didactic function insofar as it teaches the viewer not to take the style and content for granted, since the medium itself is highly constructed and contingent upon many cultural and economic conditions Stanislavski's ‘system' is a systematic approach to training actors. Areas of study include concentration, voice, physical skills, emotion memory, obse rvation, and dramatic analysis. Stanislavski's goal was to find a universally applicable approach that could be of service to all actors. Yet he said of his system: â€Å"Create your own method.Don't depend slavishly on mine. Make up something that will work for you! But keep breaking traditions, I beg you. † Many actors routinely identify his system with the American Method, although the latter's exclusively psychological techniques contrast sharply with Stanislavski's multivariant, holistic and psychophysical approach, which explores character and action both from the ‘inside out' and the ‘outside in'. Emotion memory-Stanislavski's ‘system' focused on the development of artistic truth onstage by teaching actors to â€Å"experience the part† during performance.Stanislavski hoped that the ‘system' could be applied to all forms of drama, including melodrama, vaudeville, and opera. He organised a series of theatre studios in which young actors wer e trained in his ‘system. ‘ At the First Studio, actors were instructed to use their own memories in order to express emotion. Stanislavski soon observed that some of the actors using or abusing this technique were given to hysteria. He began to search for more reliable means to access emotion, eventually emphasizing the actor's use of imagination and belief in the given circumstances of the text rather than her/his private and often painful memories.The Method of Physical Actions- In the beginning, Stanislavski proposed that actors study and experience subjective emotions and feelings and manifest them to audiences by physical and vocal means. While in its very earliest stages his ‘system' focused on creating truthful emotions and embodying them, he later worked on the Method of Physical Actions. This was developed at the Opera Dramatic Studio from the early 1930s. Its focus was on physical actions as a means to access truthful emotion, and involved improvisation. The focus remained on reaching the subconscious through the conscious.